Principles and Practice of Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Monitoring

Antonio M. Esquinas, M.D, PhD International Fellow AARC, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain

Preface; Baseline Physiological Measurements: Respiratory Rate, Spontaneous Breathing, Respiratory Effort, and Work of Breathing; Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics during Non-Invasive Ventilation; Basic Monitoring of Inspiratory/Expiratory Muscle Function and Assessment of Respiratory Muscle Weakness; Arterial Blood Gases: Basic Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch Physiology. Applications for Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Monitoring; Dyspnea Comfort Compliance Tolerance: Basic Physiology and Rationale Applications for Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring; Mask Interface Interactions: Implications for Monitoring, Oronasal Mask versus Helmet, Rebreathing during Non-Invasive Ventilation; Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure-BiPAP; Non-Invasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilator Assist (NAVA) Mode: Neurally Adjusted Ventilator; Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal: Non-Invasive Ventilation; Mechanical Ventilators- Design Devices for Respiratory Monitoring (Built-In Ventilator Software, Alarms and Recording Data). Unintentional Leaks, Patient Ventilator Synchrony.; Technology of Non- Invasive Ventilators: Intensive Care and Non- Intensive Care Devices. Bi-level Ventilators. Software- Algorithm. Leak Compensation. Performance. Airway Pressure Transducers, Flow Sensors; Airway Pressure Waveforms Analysis: Implications for Monitoring; Tidal Volume Waveform Analysis Implications for Monitoring; Emergent Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring: Tidal Expiratory Flow Limitation Monitoring by the Forced Oscillation Technique and Its Role in Closed-Loop Ventilation; Air Flow Analysis: Implications for Monitoring Non-Invasive Ventilation; Monitoring Leakage and Tidal Volume: Accuracy and Reliability during Non-Invasive Ventilation; Weaning from Non-Invasive Ventilation: Key Practical Aspects; Monitoring Recommendations in Non-Invasive Ventilation Humidification and Airway Secretions; Monitoring Recommendations in Non-Invasive Ventilation Aerosol Therapy; Nurses Respiratory Therapists: Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring Tools to Resolve Potential Adverse Effects and NIV Complications (Interface, Humidification, Ventilator Settings); Assessment Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: Factor Related with Ventilation/Oxygenation/Adherence; Assessment Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: Factor Related with Ventilation/Oxygenation/Adherence; Rebreathing During Non-Invasive Ventilation; Score/Index from Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring: Tools in Monitoring Patients Treated with Non-Invasive Ventilation; Oesophageal and Transdiaphragmatic Pressure Measurement: Implications for Monitoring; Monitoring of Respiratory Mechanics: Use of Thoracoabdominal Bands during NIV; Lung and Heart Interactions-Echocardiography Assessment; Noninvasive Technique Echo Muscolar Diaphragm-Ultrasonography (DU) Function Measurement; Monitoring Oxygenation: Pulse-Oximetry, Tracings, Software- Algori̇thm, Diagnosi̇s and Management Oxygen Desaturations; Non-Invasively Monitor Hypercapnia and Ventilation: End-Tidal Pco2 and Transcutaneous CO2 Measurement; Pulmonary Function Testing as an Assessment and Guide for Chronic Non-Invasive Ventilation: Role of Pulmonary Function Test in NIV Monitoring.; Radiology Evaluations / Non-Invasive Ventilation: Radiologic Measurement, Chest Computed Tomography (CT); Radiology Evaluations/ Non-Invasive Ventilation: Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). Regional Ventilation Monitoring; Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; Bilevel Positive Pressure Ventilation (BIPAP); Prehospital Transport Non-Invasive Ventilation: Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring; Intra-Hospital Transport: Non-Invasive Ventilation. Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring; Respiratory Monitoring Unit, Implication for Non-Invasive Ventilation; Monitoring Recommendations in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Key Practical Issues; Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation -Intrinsic-Peep/Hyperinflation; Neuromuscular Disorders: Quality of Life and Side Effects of Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation; Long-Term Monitoring: Restrictive Disorders/Chest Wall Disorders-Scoliosis; Long-Term Monitoring: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep Related Breathing Disorders; Long Term Monitoring Stable Hypercapnic COPD: Nocturnal Hypoventilation and Survival; Intraoperative and Postoperative; Nasal High Flow Oxygenation and Non-Invasive Ventilation and Conventional Oxygen Therapy in the Post-Extubation and Peri-Intubation Periods; Monitoring Recommendations in Non-Invasive Ventilation: Neurological and Psychological Function; Non-Invasive Ventilation after Discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Key Monitoring Recommendations -- Feasible, Safe and Effective; Monitoring of Home Non-Invasive Ventilation: Health Care Costs, Safety and Efficacy; Patient Education: Home Care Providers Recommendations for Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring; Recommendations for Patient-Ventilator Non-Invasive Ventilation Monitoring: Impact on Hospital Admissions, Prevention of Readmissions and Clinical Outcomes; Index.