Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)

1. Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE), an Evolving Disease 121.1. Evolving in the sense of "new onset" 121.2. Evolving in the sense of "global dissemination" 121.3. Evolving in the sense of "presence in the medical and scientific community" 121.4. Evolving in the sense of "exploration of a new disease" 131.5. References cited in text and further specialist articles 132. Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis 152.1. Prevalence of esophageal eosinophilia 152.2. Incidence and prevalence of EoE 152.3. Incidence and prevalence of EoE in geographically confined regions 162.4. Demographic profile of EoE patients 172.4.1. Age, gender and social parameters 172.4.2. Symptoms of esophageal dysfunction 182.4.3. Allergic predisposition 182.4.4. EoE and celiac disease 192.5. EoE and seasonal distribution 192.6. References cited in text and further specialist articles 203. Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children 243.1. Clinical features 243.2. Investigations 253.3. Endoscopy 253.4. Treatment 263.5. Quality of Life and transition to adulthood 283.6. References cited in text and further specialist articles 284. Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adults 324.1. Clinical symptoms in EoE 324.2. Atopic diseases in EoE patients 334.3. Upper endoscopy and biopsies 344.4. References cited in text and further specialist articles 355. Interplay between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal RefluxDisease 375.1. Characteristics of EoE 385.2. Characteristics of GERD 385.3. PPI responsive EoE 385.4. Interplay between GERD and EoE 395.5. The role of esophageal epithelial barrier 395.6. Can GERD trigger a TH2 immune response similar to that seen in EoE? 405.7. Anti-inflammatory effects of PPI therapy 405.8. References cited in text and further specialist articles 406. Pathology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis 426.1. Diagnosis 426.2. Focal appearance 426.3. Histology 426.4. Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) 476.5. Histology scoring system and activity of inflammation 476.6. Cytology 476.7. Differential diagnosis of esophageal eosinophilia 476.8. Therapeutic effects 476.9. References cited in text and further specialist articles 497. Molecular Pathogenesis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis 507.1. Familial inheritance in EoE 507.2. Molecular pathogenesis of a complex disease 507.3. Association with other diseases and single nucleotide variant 527.4. Genome-wide association study and missing heritability 527.5. Perspective and epigenetics 537.6. References cited in text and further specialist articles 548. Immunologic Background of Eosinophilic Esophagitis 568.1. Cells and cytokines 568.2. Tissue damage and remodeling 578.3. References cited in text and further specialist articles 579. Role of Allergies in Eosinophilic Esophagitis 599.1. EoE peaks in pollen season 599.2. The allergen pattern in adolescents and adults with EoE 599.3. The allergen pattern in children with EoE 599.4. Sensitization to Candida albicans 609.5. Diagnostic work-up of EoE patients 609.6. Unmet needs 629.7. References cited in text and further specialist articles 6210. Assessment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Disease Severity and TherapeuticPrinciples 6410.1. How to measure disease activity of EoE 6410.2. Development of PRO instruments: current overview 6510.3. Development of biologic scores: current overview 6510.4. Clinically relevant outcomes, unmet needs, and outlook 6610.5. References cited in text and further specialist articles 6611. Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis with Corticosteroids 6811.1. Reasons for treating EoE 6811.1.1. Improvement of Quality of Life 6811.1.2. Prevention of food impaction 6811.1.3. Prevention of remodeling of the esophagus 6911.2. Treatment of EoE with corticosteroids 6911.3. Efficacy of topical corticosteroids 6911.3.1. Topical corticosteroids (tCS) 6911.4. Side effects of topical corticosteroids 7311.5. Treatment schedule 7311.6. Corticostero