Miller's Review of Orthopaedics

Stephen R. Thompson, MD, MEd, FRCSC is a sports medicine orthopaedic surgeon at Northern Light Orthopedics. He completed his medical school at the University of Sydney, Residency at University of Maryland and Fellowship at the Fowler-Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario and then his second at the Oakville Sports Injury Clinic in Oakville, Ontario. Dr. Thompson is a recognized expert in sports medicine. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of the widely used and highly respected reference textbook DeLee and Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Dr. Thompson has spent a significant time studying medical education and standardized testing. He has applied this knowledge in his role as the Editor-in-Chief of Miller's Review of Orthopaedics, 6th edition, 7th edition and forthcoming 8th edition of Miller's Review of Orthopaedics. He has also written the Handbook of Splinting and Casting.

1 Basic Sciences
SECTION 1 ORTHOPAEDIC TISSUES
Bone
Cartilage and Joint
Muscle
Tendon
Ligament
Neural Tissue and Intervertebral Disc?
SECTION 2 ORTHOPAEDIC BIOLOGY
Cellular and Molecular Biology and Immunology
Infection and Microbiology
SECTION 3 PERIOPERATIVE AND ORTHOPAEDIC MEDICINE
Thromboprophylaxis
Perioperative Disease and Comorbidities
SECTION 4 OTHER BASIC PRINCIPLES
Imaging and Special Studies
Biomaterials and Biomechanics
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
2 ANATOMY
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
Overview
SECTION 2 UPPER EXTREMITY
Shoulder
Arm
Forearm
Wrist and Hand
SECTION 3 LOWER EXTREMITY
Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Knee and Leg
Ankle and Foot
SECTION 4 SPINE
Osteology
Arthrology
Surgical Approaches to the Spine
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
3 PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS
SECTION 1 UPPER EXTREMITY PROBLEMS
Brachial Plexus Palsy
Sprengel Deformity
Fibrotic Deltoid Problems
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle
Poland Syndrome 3Apert Syndrome
SECTION 2 LOWER EXTREMITY PROBLEMS: GENERAL
Rotational Problems of the Lower Extremities
Leg Length Discrepancy
SECTION 3 HIP AND FEMUR
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Congenital Coxa Vara
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Bladder Exstrophy
Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency
Lower Extremity Inflammation and Infection
SECTION 4 KNEE AND LEG
Leg
Tibial Bowing
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Discoid Meniscus
Congenital Dislocation of the Knee
SECTION 5 FOOT
Clubfoot (Congenital Talipes Equinovarus)
Metatarsus Adductus and Skewfoot
Pes Cavus (Cavus Foot)
Congenital Vertical Talus (Congenital Convex Pes Valgus)
Tarsal Coalitions
Calcaneovalgus Foot
Juvenile Bunions
Kohler Disease
Flexible Pes Planus
Idiopathic Toe Walking
Accessory Navicular
Ball-and-Socket Ankle
Congenital Toe Disorders
SECTION 6 PEDIATRIC SPINE
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Early-Onset Scoliosis
Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis
Congenital Spinal Deformities
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Neurofribromatosis
Kyphosis
Cervical Spine Disorders
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Other Spinal Conditions
SECTION 7 CEREBRAL PALSY
Introduction
Classification
Orthopaedic Assessment
Spasticity Treatment
Gait Disorders
Spinal Disorders
Hip Subluxation and Dislocation
Knee Abnormalities
Foot and Ankle Abnormalities
Upper Extremity Management
SECTION 8 NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
Arthrogrypotic Syndromes
Myelodysplasia (Spina Bifida)
Myopathies (Muscular Dystrophies)
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
Hereditary Neuropathies
Myasthenia Gravis
Anterior Horn Cell Disorders
Acute Idiopathic Postinfectious Polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome)
Overgrowth Syndromes
SECTION 9 BONE DYSPLASIAS
Introduction
Achondroplasia
Pseudoachondroplasia
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Kniest Syndrome 53Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia
Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann Disease)
Mucopolysaccharidosis 53Diastrophic Dysplasia
Cleidocranial Dysplasia (Dysostosis)
Osteopetrosis
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey Disease) ?
SECTION 10 SYNDROMES WITH ORTHOPAEDIC MANIFESTATIONS
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Turner Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Homocystinuria
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Rett Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Nail-Patella Syndrome (Hereditary Onychoosteodysplasia)
SECTION 11 HEMATOPOIETIC AND METABOLIC DISORDERS AND ARTHRITIDES
Gaucher Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thalassemia 58Hemophilia
Leukemia 58Rickets
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
4 SPORTS MEDICINE
SECTION 1 KNEE
Anatomy
Biomechanics
Diagnostic Techniques
Knee Arthroscopy
Meniscal Injuries
Ligament Injuries
Osteochondral Lesions
Synovial Lesions
Patellofemoral Disorders
Pediatric Knee Injuries
SECTION 2 PELVIS, HIP, AND THIGH
Contusions
Muscle Injuries
Bursitis
Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
Bone Disorders
Intraarticular Disorders
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Other Hip Disorders
Hip Arthroscopy
SECTION 3 SHOULDER
Anatomy
Biomechanics
Diagnostic Techniques
Shoulder Arthroscopy
Shoulder Instability
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
Rotator Cuff Disease
Subscapularis Tears
Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy
Subcoracoid Impingement
Internal Impingement
SLAP Tears
Proximal Biceps Tendon Pathology
Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries
Muscle Ruptures
Shoulder Stiffness
Nerve Disorders
Other Shoulder Disorders
SECTION 4 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS MEDICINE
Preparticipation Physical Examination
Cardiac Abnormalities in Athletes
Concussion 67Sickle Cell Disease
Metabolic Issues in Athletes
Ergogenic Drugs
Female Athlete-Related Issues
Infectious Disease in Athletes
Miscellaneous Sports-Related Injuries and Issues
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
5 ADULT RECONSTRUCTION
SECTION 1 EVALUATION OF THE ADULT PATIENT WITH HIP PAIN
Physical Examination Tests for Hip Irritability
Imaging
SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL HIP DISORDERS IN THE ADULT
Natural History
Spectrum of Presentation
Anatomy of Adult Hip Dysplasia
Treatment of Dysplasia
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Treatment of FAI
SECTION 3 OSTEONECROSIS OF THE HIP
Occurrence
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Staging
Treatment
Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip
SECTION 4 TREATMENT OF HIP ARTHRITIS
Nonoperative
Operative
SECTION 5 TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY
Indications
Surgical Approaches
Templating
Implant Fixation
Bone Ongrowth Fixation
Hydroxyapatite
Femoral Stem Loading
Femoral Stress Shielding
Femoral Stem Breakage
SECTION 6 REVISION THA
Presentation
Acetabular Side
Femoral Side
SECTION 7 ARTICULAR BEARINGS AND CORROSION IN THA
Introduction
Polyethylene
Polyethylene Wear and Osteolysis
Osteolysis Process
steolysis Around THA Prosthesis-Effective Joint Space
Particle Debris Formation-Linear Versus Volumetric Wear
Osteolysis-Radiographic Findings in THA
Treatment of Polyethylene Wear
Bearing Lubrication
Metal and Ceramic on PE
Metal on Metal
Hip Resurfacing
Ceramic-on-Ceramic Bearing
Dual-Mobility Components
Trunnion Corrosion
SECTION 8 PERIPROSTHETIC THA FRACTURE
Time of Fracture
Intraoperative Fracture
Early Postoperative Fracture
Late Fracture
SECTION 9 THA- MISCELLANEOUS
Nerve Injury
Anatomy
Specific Complications and Host Risk Factors 31
Venous Thrombosis 31
Heterotopic Ossification 31
Iliopsoas Impingement
Implant Facts
SECTION 10 THA-JOINT STABILITY
Incidence of THA Dislocation
Risk Factors for Dislocation
Assessment
Treatment
SECTION 11 KNEE ARTHRITIS ASSESSMENT
Clinical Presentation
Imaging Studies 4
SECTION 12 KNEE ARTHRITIS TREATMENT
Consensus Treatment
SECTION 13 TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY
Indications
Survival of TKA
Technical Goals
Preoperative Planning
Goals of Bone Cuts in TKA
Coronal Plane Ligament Balancing
Flexion Deformity (i.e., Flexion Contracture)
Sagittal Plane Balancing
Perioperative Nerve Blocks
Postoperative Therapy
Complications
SECTION 14 TKA DESIGN
Design Categories
Cruciate-Retaining Primary TKA Design
Cruciate-Sacrificing Primary TKA Designs
Tibial Rotating Platform in Primary TKA
Modularity in Primary TKA
All-Polyethylene Tibia (APT)
Constraint in TKA
SECTION 15 REVISION TKA
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Approach
Implant System
Modular Bearing Change for Premature Excessive Wear
Technique of Revision TKA
Revision TKA-Patella
SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TKA
Introduction
Q Angle in TKA
TKA Techniques to Optimize Patellar Tracking
Intraoperative Assessment of Maltracking
Postoperative Assessment of Maltracking
Patella Baja
Patellar Resurfacing Versus Nonresurfacing
SECTION 17 CATASTROPHIC WEAR IN TKA
Premature Failure of TKA Implant
Factors Involved in Catastrophic Wear
"Perfect Storm" Scenario for Catastrophic Wear
Measures to Mitigate Catastrophic PE Wear
SECTION 18 GLENOHUMERAL ARTHRITIS
Introduction
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
SECTION 19 SHOULDER HEMIARTHROPLASTY
Indications
Requirements
Complications
Conversion From Hemiarthroplasty to TSA
Hemiarthroplasty for Cuff Tear Arthropathy
SECTION 20 TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY
Introduction
Requirements
Component Positioning
Rehabilitation
Complications
SECTION 21 REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY
Introduction
Requirements
Component Positioning
Complications
SECTION 22 INFECTION IN SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY
Introduction
Common Organisms
History and Physical Examination
Investigations
Microbiology
Management
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
6 DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
SECTION 1 BIOMECHANICS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
Anatomy
Foot Positions Versus Foot Motions
Gait Cycle
SECTION 2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
Inspection
Gait Evaluation
Vascular Examination
Neurologic Examination
Motor Examination
Palpation and Stability Assessment
Range of Motion (ROM)
SECTION 3 RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
SECTION 4 ADULT HALLUX VALGUS
SECTION 5 JUVENILE AND ADOLESCENT HALLUX VALGUS
SECTION 6 HALLUX VARUS
SECTION 7 LESSER-TOE DEFORMITIES
Anatomy and Function
Deformities
SECTION 8 HYPERKERATOTIC PATHOLOGIES
Intractable Plantar Keratosis (IPK)
Bunionette Deformity (Tailor's Bunion)
SECTION 9 SESAMOIDS
Anatomy
Deformities
SECTION 10 ACCESSORY BONES
SECTION 11 NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
Interdigital Neuritis (Morton Neuroma)
Recurrent Neuroma
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Plantar Nerve Problems
Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
Sural or Saphenous Nerve Entrapment
Sequelae of Upper Motor Neuron Disorders
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease
Peripheral Nerve Injury and Tendon Transfers
SECTION 12 ARTHRITIC DISEASE
Crystalline Disease
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy (SNSA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
SECTION 13 POSTURAL DISORDERS
Pes Planus (Flatfoot Deformity)
Pes Cavus Deformity
SECTION 14 TENDON DISORDERS
Achilles Tendon
Peroneal Tendons
Posterior Tibial Tendon
Anterior Tibial Tendon
Flexor Hallucis Longus
SECTION 15 HEEL PAIN
Plantar Heel Pain
Achilles Disorders
SECTION 16 ANKLE PAIN AND SPORTS INJURIES
Ankle Sprains
High Ankle Sprains
Ankle Impingement
Osteochondral Lesions
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Technical Pearls for Ankle Arthroscopy
SECTION 17 THE DIABETIC FOOT
Pathophysiology
Clinical Problems
SECTION 18 TRAUMA
Phalangeal Fractures
Metatarsal Fractures
First MTP Joint Injuries
Tarsometatarsal Fractures and Dislocations (Lisfranc Injury)
Midfoot Injuries (Excluding Lisfranc Injuries)
Talus Fractures
Calcaneus Fractures
Peritalar (Subtalar) Dislocations
Compartment Syndrome
Ankle Fractures
Pilon (Tibial Plafond) Fractures
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
7 HAND, UPPER EXTREMITY, AND MICROVASCULAR SURGERY
Anatomy
Distal Radius Fractures
Carpal Fractures and Instability
Metacarpal and Phalangeal Injuries
Tendon Injuries and Overuse Syndromes
Distal Radioulnar Joint, Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex, and Wrist Arthroscopy
Nail and Fingertip Injuries
Soft Tissue Coverage and Microsurgery
Vascular Disorders
Compression Neuropathy
Nerve Injuries and Tendon Transfers
Arthritis
Idiopathic Osteonecrosis of the Carpus
Dupuytren Disease
Hand Tumors
Hand Infections
Injection Injury
Congenital Hand Differences
Elbow
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
8 SPINE
Introduction
Cervical Spine
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
Adult Deformity
Sacropelvis
Spinal Tumors
Spinal Infections and Inflammatory Arthritides
Spinal Trauma
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
9 ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY
SECTION 1 PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE
Presentation
Imaging
Biopsy (Bone and Soft Tissue)
Molecular Biology (Bone and Soft Tissue)
Grading (Bone and Soft Tissue)
Staging (Bone and Soft Tissue)
Treatment (Bone and Soft Tissue)
SECTION 2 SOFT TISSUE
TUMORS
Introduction
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors (Soft Tissue Sarcomas)
Soft Tissue Sarcoma Subtypes
Benign Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors of Fibrous Tissue
Tumors of Fatty Tissue
Tumors of Neural Tissue
Vascular Tumors
Synovial Proliferative Disorders
Posttraumatic Conditions
Clinical Pearls for Soft Tissue Sarcoma
SECTION 3 BONE TUMORS
Presentation
Bone-Producing Lesions
Nonosteogenic Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Hystiocytoma
Chondrogenic Lesions
Fibrous Lesions
Notochordal Tissue Tumors
Vascular Tumors
Hematopoietic Tumors
Tumors of Unknown Origin
Tumorlike Conditions
Metastatic Bone Disease
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
10 REHABILITATION: GAIT, AMPUTATIONS, PROSTHESES, ORTHOSES, AND NEUROLOGIC INJURY 1
SECTION 1 GAIT
Walking
Gait Dynamics
Determinants of Gait (Motion Patterns)
Muscle Action
Pathologic Gait
SECTION 2 AMPUTATIONS
Introduction
Metabolic Cost of Amputee Gait
Load Transfer
Amputation Wound Healing
Pediatric Amputation
Amputation After Trauma
Risk Factors
Musculoskeletal Tumors
Technical Considerations
Complications
Upper Limb Amputations
Lower Limb Amputations
SECTION 3 PROSTHESES
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
SECTION 4 ORTHOSES
Introduction
Shoes
Foot Orthoses
Ankle-Foot Orthoses
Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis
Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis
Elbow Orthosis
Wrist-Hand Orthosis
Fracture Braces
Pediatric Orthoses
Spine Orthoses
SECTION 5 SURGERY FOR STROKE AND CLOSED-HEAD INJURY
Introduction
Lower Limb
Upper Limb
SECTION 6 POSTPOLIO
SYNDROME
Cause
Treatment
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
11 TRAUMA
SECTION 1 CARE OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED PATIENT
Principles of Trauma Care
Care of Injuries to Specific Tissues
Biomechanics of Fracture Healing
Biomechanics of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
SECTION 2 UPPER EXTREMITY
Shoulder Injuries
Humeral Injuries
Elbow Injuries
Forearm Fractures
Wrist Fractures
Carpal Injuries
Hand Injuries
SECTION 3 LOWER EXTREMITY AND PELVIS
Pelvic and Acetabular Injuries
Femoral and Hip Injuries
Knee Injuries
Tibial Injuries
SECTION 4 PEDIATRIC
TRAUMA
Introduction
Child Abuse
Physeal Fractures
Pediatric Polytrauma
Shoulder and Arm Injuries
Elbow Injuries
Forearm Fractures
Pediatric Scaphoid Fracture
Lower Extremity Injuries
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
12 PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE
Introduction
Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter (2002)
Aspirational Documents
Standards of Professionalism
Child, Elder, and Spousal Abuse
Sexual Misconduct
The Impaired Physician
Sports Medicine Issues
Research
Medical Liability
TESTABLE CONCEPTS
13 BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Selecting a Research Study Design
Evidence-Based Medicine
Clinical Research Designs
Common Flaws in Research Designs
How Many Subjects Are Needed to Complete a Research Study?
What Outcomes Should Be Included in a Research Study?
Describing Your Data With Simple Statistics
Concepts in Epidemiologic Research Studies
Testing Your Hypotheses With Statistics
What Statistical Test to Use in Research Studies
Validity and Reliability
Interpretation of Statistical Test Results
TESTABLE CONCEPTS