Antifungal Therapy, Second Edition

Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, PhD, MBA, FIDSA, FAAM joined Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center in 1996 from prior positions at the UCLA School of Medicine and Kuwait University. Dr. Ghannoum has spent his entire academic career studying medically important fungi encompassing different fungal pathogens including Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, the major causes of fungal infections. He has published more than 350 peer-reviewed articles addressing various aspects of superficial and systemic fungal infections. More recently, he published the first study describing the oral mycobiome of healthy individuals. He has published extensively in the area of fungal pathogenesis with special focus on virulence factors including phospholipase B, germination, adhesion, and biofilm formation, both in vitro and in vivo. Dr. Ghannoum is a professor and director of the Center for Medical Mycology at Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center. This center of excellence, which he directs, is a multidisciplinary center that combines basic and translational research investigating fungi from the test tube to the bedside. He has performed several studies investigating the mechanisms underlying Candida pathogenesis. He is the recipient of the Freedom to Discover Award from Bristol- Myers Squibb and the Rhoda Benham Award from the Medical Mycological Society of the Americas. He served as a chairman of the Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, and was selected as a "Most Interesting Person" by Cleveland Magazine in 2013. Dr. Ghannoum is an entrepreneur-scientist who has launched a number of companies focusing on the treatment of biofilm infections and microbial dysbiosis as it relates to gut health. He coined the term ‘Mycobiome’. John R. Perfect, MD, is James B. Duke Professor of Medicine at Duke University Medical Center, a faculty member of the Duke University Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, and director of the Duke University Mycology Research Unit. He is chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases in the Department of Medicine at Duke Medical Center. Dr. Perfect is a diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and American Board of Infectious Diseases. After receiving an undergraduate degree in biology from Wittenberg University, Dr. Perfect went on to receive a medical degree from the Medical College of Ohio at Toledo. He then completed an internship at the Riverside Methodist Hospital in Columbus, Ohio; a residency in internal medicine at the University of Michigan Medical Center in Ann Arbor; and a fellowship in infectious diseases at Duke University Medical Center. He is a fellow of the American Society for Microbiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Dr. Perfect is also a fellow of the American Association for Advancement of Science and member of International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, and Immunocompromised Host Society (ISHAM). He is president of the Mycoses Study Group and Educational Research Consortium and president-elect of ISHAM. Dr. Perfect has served on numerous committees and advisory boards. He received the Rhoda Benham Award from Medical Mycology Society of the Americas and the Lucille Georg Award from ISHAM. Dr. Perfect’s research interests focus on the understanding of fungal pathogenesis through the study of Cryptococcus neoformans as well as clinical studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of invasive mycoses.

Preface

Editors

Contributors

1. History of antifungals

Emily L. Larkin, Ali Abdul Lattif Ali, and Kim Swindell

2. Epidemiology of fungal infections: What, where, and when

Frederic Lamoth, Sylvia F. Costa, and Barbara D. Alexander

3. Experimental animal models of invasive fungal infections

Christopher L. Hager, Lisa Long, Yoshifumi Imamura, and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum

4. Antifungal drug resistance: Significance and mechanisms

Sharvari Dharmaiah, Rania A. Sherif, and Pranab K. Mukherjee

5. Antifungal prophylaxis: An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

Aimee K. Zaas

6. Preemptive antifungal therapy: Do diagnostics help?

Vidya Jagadeesan, Margaret Powers-Fletcher, and Kimberly E. Hanson

7. The immune response to fungal challenge

Jeffery Hu and Jeffery J. Auletta

8. Immunomodulators: What is the evidence for use in mycoses?

J. Andrew Alspaugh

9. Fungal biofilms and catheter-associated infections

Jyotsna Chandra and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum

10. Polyenes for prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections

Richard H. Drew

11. Flucytosine

Richard H. Drew

12. Pharmacology of azole antifungal agents

Elizabeth S. Dodds Ashley

13. Echinocandins for prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections

Melissa D. Johnson, John Mohr, and Ahmad Mourad

14. Novel methods of antifungal administration

Richard H. Drew

15. Dermatophytosis

Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Iman Salem, and Nancy Isham

16. Invasive candidiasis

Richard R. Watkins and Tracy Lemonovich

17. Invasive aspergillosis

Frank Esper

18. Management of cryptococcosis

John R. Perfect and Ahmad Mourad

19. Management of endemic mycoses

John R. Perfect and Ahmad Mourad

20. Human hyalohyphomycoses: A review of human infections due to Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Talaromyces spp., and Scopulariopsis spp.

Nour Hasan

21. Management of phaeohyphomycosis

John R. Perfect and Ahmad Mourad

22. Pneumocystis

Kim Swindell

23. Management of mucormycoses

John R. Perfect and Ahmad Mourad

24. Antifungal management in risk groups: Solid organ transplant recipients

Jasmine Chung, Sylvia F. Costa, and Barbara D. Alexander

25. Prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic cancer and hematopoietic cell transplant patients

Daniel R. Richardson, Marcie L. Riches, and Hillard M. Lazarus

26. Antifungal use in transplant recipients: Selection, administration, and monitoring

Richard H. Drew, Mary L. Townsend, Melanie W. Pound, and Steven W. Johnson

27. Infants: Yeasts are beasts in early life

Rachel G. Greenberg and Daniel K. Benjamin Jr.

28. Newer antifungal agents in pediatrics

William J. Steinbach

29. Fungal infections in burn patients

Nour Hasan

30. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Nour Hasan

31. Fungal infections of the genitourinary tract

Raymond R. Rackley and Jessica C. Lloyd

32. Mycobiome in health and disease

Najla El-Jurdi, Jyotsna Chandra, and Pranab K. Mukherjee

Index