Diagnostic Ultrasound for Sonographers

Aya Kamaya, MD is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Stanford University. She is the Director of Ultrasound and Body Imaging Fellowship Director. Her clinical focuses are Oncologic Imaging, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Imaging, Urogenital Imaging, Gynecological Imaging, Thyroid Ultrasound, Ultrasound, and Diagnostic Radiology. Kamaya is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e. Jade J. Wong-You-Cheong, MD is a Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at the University of Maryland. She also has a secondary appointment in Surgery and is the Vice Chair of Quality and Patient Safety. Wong is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e.

Abdomen

Liver

Anatomy and Approach

Liver

Diffuse Parenchymal Disease

Acute Hepatitis

Hepatic Cirrhosis

Hepatic Steatosis

Sinusoidal Obstruction

Cyst and Cyst-Like Lesions

Hepatic Cyst

Biliary Hamartoma

Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

Biloma

Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess

Amebic Hepatic Abscess

Hepatic Hydatid Cyst

Hepatic Microabscesses

Peribiliary Cyst

Focal Solid Masses

Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

Hepatic Adenoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatic Metastases

Hepatic Lymphoma

Vascular Conditions

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

Portal Hypertension

Portal Vein Occlusion

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Portal Vein Gas

Liver Transplants

Liver Transplant Hepatic Artery Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Portal Vein Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Hepatic Venous Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Biliary Stricture

Biliary System

Anatomy and Approach

Biliary System

Gallstones and Mimics

Cholelithiasis

Echogenic Bile

Gallbladder Polyp

Gallbladder Wall Pathology

Acute Calculous Cholecystitis

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

Chronic Cholecystitis

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

Porcelain Gallbladder

Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis

Gallbladder Carcinoma

Ductal Pathology

Biliary Ductal Dilatation

Choledochal Cyst

Choledocholithiasis

Biliary Ductal Gas

Cholangiocarcinoma

Acute Cholangitis

Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

HIV-/AIDS-Related Cholangiopathy

Pancreas

Anatomy and Approach

Pancreas

Pancreatitis

Acute Pancreatitis

Pancreatic Pseudocyst

Chronic Pancreatitis

Simple Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

Mucinous Cystic Pancreatic Tumor

Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN)

Solid-Appearing Pancreatic Neoplasms

Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm

Spleen

Anatomy and Approach

Spleen

Splenic Lesions

Splenomegaly

Splenic Cyst

Splenic Tumors

Splenic Infarct

Urinary Tract

Anatomy and Approach

Kidneys

Ureters and Bladder

Normal Variants and Pseudolesions

Column of Bertin, Kidney

Renal Junctional Line

Renal Ectopia

Horseshoe Kidney

Ureteral Duplication

Ureteral Ectopia

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Calculi and Calcinosis

Urolithiasis

Nephrocalcinosis

Hydronephrosis

Cysts and Cystic Disorders

Simple Renal Cyst

Complex Renal Cyst

Cystic Disease of Dialysis

Multilocular Cystic Nephroma

Urinary Tract Infection

Acute Pyelonephritis

Renal Abscess

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis

Pyonephrosis

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract

Solid Renal Neoplasms

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal Metastases

Renal Angiomyolipoma

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal Lymphoma

Vascular Conditions

Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Infarct

Perinephric Hematoma

Bladder

Bladder Carcinoma

Ureterocele

Bladder Diverticulum

Bladder Calculi

Kidney Transplant

Renal Transplant Complications

Perigraft Fluid Collections

Renal Transplant Hydronephrosis

Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis

Transplant Renal Artery Thrombosis

Transplant Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Transplant Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula

Renal Transplant Pseudoaneurysm

Renal Transplant Rejection

Delayed Renal Graft Function

Adrenal Gland

Anatomy and Approach

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Lesions

Adrenal Hemorrhage

Myelolipoma

Adrenal Adenoma

Adrenal Cyst

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Carcinoma

Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

Anatomy and Approach

Abdominal Lymph Nodes

Peritoneal Cavity

Abdominal Wall

Abdominal Wall

Abdominal Wall Hernia

Groin Hernia

Peritoneal Cavity

Ascites

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis

Bowel

Anatomy and Approach

Bowel

Bowel Abnormalities

Appendicitis

Appendiceal Mucocele

Intussusception

Epiploic Appendagitis

Diverticulitis

Crohn Disease

Pelvis

Male Pelvis

Anatomy and Approach

Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

Testes and Scrotum

Penis and Urethra

Scrotal Lesions

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Gonadal Stromal Tumors, Testis

Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia

Epidermoid Cyst

Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testis

Testicular Microlithiasis

Testicular Torsion/Infarction

Undescended Testis

Epididymitis/Orchitis

Scrotal Trauma

Hydrocele

Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst

Adenomatoid Tumor

Varicocele

Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostatic Carcinoma

Female Pelvis

Anatomy and Approach

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Ovaries

Cervical and Myometrial Pathology

Nabothian Cyst

Cervical Carcinoma

Adenomyosis

Leiomyoma

Uterine Anomalies

Endometrial Disorders

Hematometrocolpos

Endometrial Polyp

Endometrial Carcinoma

Endometritis

Intrauterine Device

Ovarian Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

Functional Ovarian Cyst

Hemorrhagic Cyst

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Serous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

Ovarian Teratoma

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Endometrioma

Nonovarian Cystic Masses

Tuboovarian Abscess

Hydrosalpinx

Parovarian Cyst

Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst

Vaginal and Vulvar Cysts

Bartholin Cyst

Gartner Duct Cyst

Miscellaneous Ovarian Masses

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor

Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion

Ovarian Metastases Including Krukenberg Tumor

Neck

Anatomy and Approach

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Cervical Lymph Nodes

Neck Lesions

Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Multinodular Goiter

Colloid Cyst of Thyroid

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Graves Disease

Parathyroid Adenoma

Reactive Adenopathy

Malignant Cervical Lymph Nodes

Parotid Tumors

Submandibular Sialadenitis

Vascular

Anatomy and Approach

Carotid Arteries

Vertebral Arteries

Neck Veins

Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava

Iliac Arteries and Veins

Leg Vessels

Vascular Lesions

Jugular Vein Thrombosis

Carotid Artery Dissection in Neck

Carotid Stenosis/Occlusion

Vertebral Stenosis/Occlusion

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Varicose Veins/Incompetent Perforator

Musculoskeletal

Anatomy and Approach

Shoulder

Groin

Leg Muscles

Musculoskeletal Lesions

Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendinosis

Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendon Tear

Baker Cyst

Lipoma

Epidermoid Cyst

Hematoma/Seroma

Soft Tissue Infection

Ganglion Cyst

Muscle Injury

Ligament Injury

Obstetrics

First Trimester

Anatomy and Approach

First Trimester

Abnormal Intrauterine Gestation

Abnormal and Failed First-Trimester Pregnancy

Perigestational Hemorrhage

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Ectopic Gestation

Tubal Ectopic

Other Ectopics

Brain and Spine

Anatomy and Approach

Brain and Spine

Brain

Exencephaly, Anencephaly

Cephalocele

Holoprosencephaly

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Choroid Plexus Cyst

Arachnoid Cyst

Aqueductal Stenosis

Chiari 2 Malformation

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Mega Cisterna Magna

Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

Intracranial Hemorrhage and Encephalomalcia

Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Spine

Spina Bifida

Caudal Regression Sequence

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Face and Neck

Anatomy and Approach

Face and Neck

Face and Neck Lesions

Cleft Lip, Palate

Cystic Hygroma

Chest

Anatomy and Approach

Chest

Chest Lesions

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS)

Heart

Anatomy and Approach

Cardiovascular System

Heart Defects

Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Ebstein Anomaly

Hypoplastic Left Heart

Tetralogy of Fallot

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

Truncus Arteriosus

Rhabdomyoma

Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract

Anatomy and Approach

Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract

Abdominal Wall Defects

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Body Stalk Anomaly

Bladder Exstrophy

Bowel Abnormalities

Esophageal Atresia

Duodenal Atresia

Jejunal, Ileal Atresia

Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst

Anal Atresia

Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus

Hepatobiliary Abnormalities

Choledochal Cyst

Genitourinary Tract

Anatomy and Approach

Genitourinary Tract

Kidneys and Bladder

Urinary Tract Dilation

Duplicated Collecting System

Other Developmental Variants

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

Echogenic Kidneys

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Obstructive Renal Dysplasia

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Posterior Urethral Valves

Prune-Belly Syndrome

Adrenal

Neuroblastoma

Genitalia

Abnormal Genitalia

Ovarian Cyst

Musculoskeletal

Dysplasias

Achondrogenesis

Achondroplasia

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Extremity Malformations

Clubfoot and Rocker-Bottom Foot

Radial Ray Malformation

Abnormal Hand

Placenta, Membranes, and Umbilical Cord

Placenta and Membrane Abnormalities

Placental Abruption

Low-Lying Placenta and Previa

Vasa Previa

Succenturiate Lobe

Morbidly Adherent Placenta

Circumvallate Placenta

Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion

Chorioangioma

Umbilical Cord Abnormalities

Single Umbilical Artery

Umbilical Vein Varix

Multiple Gestations

Chorionicity and Amnionicity in Twins

Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Discordant Twin Growth

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion

Conjoined Twins

Triplets and Beyond

Aneuploidy

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 13

Turner Syndrome (45,X)

Triploidy

Syndromes and Multisystem Disorders

Amniotic Band Syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

Pierre Robin Sequence

Sirenomelia

VACTERL Association

Infection

Cytomegalovirus

Fluid, Growth, and Well-Being

Parameters of Fetal Well-Being

Fetal Growth Restriction

Macrosomia

Fetal Anemia

Hydrops

Maternal Conditions in Pregnancy

Myoma in Pregnancy

Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy

Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix

Retained Products of Conception

Pediatric

Brain

Anatomy and Approach

Brain

Brain Pathology

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Spine

Anatomy and Approach

Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord