The Pancreas

HANS G. BEGER, MD, FACS(Hon), JSS(Hon), CSS(Hon), Founding Editor, Professor Emeritus of Surgery, c/o University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

ANDREW L. WARSHAW, MD, FACS, FRCSEd(Hon), W. Gerald Austen Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

RALPH H. HRUBAN, MD, Baxley Professor and Director, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

MARKUS W. BUECHLER, MD, Professor of Surgery and Chair, Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

MARKUS M. LERCH, MD, FRCP, Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

JOHN P. NEOPTOLEMOS, MA, MB, BCHIR, MD, FRCS, FMEDSCI, Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

TOORU SHIMOSEGAWA, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

DAVID C. WHITCOMB, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology & Physiology, and Human Genetics, Director, UPMC Precision Medicine Service, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Contents
Contributors,
Preface to the Third Edition,
List of abbreviations,
Section 1: Anatomy of the Pancreas
1. Development of the pancreas and related structuresBrian Lewis, Junhao Mao
2. Anatomy and the fine structure of the pancreasDaniel S. Longnecker, Fred Gorelick, Elizabeth D. Thompson
3. Congenital and inherited anomaliesMartin Zenker, Markus M. Lerch
Section 2: Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Functions
4. Physiology of acinus cell secretionOle H. Petersen
5. Physiology of duct cell secretionMei Zeng, Laura Vachel, Shmuel Muallem
6. Pathophysiology of experimental pancreatitisVikas Dudeja, Rajinder Dawra, Ashok Saluja
7. Physiology and pathophysiology of function of sphincter of OddiSavio George Barreto, James Toouli
8. Neurohormonal and hormonal control of pancreatic secretionChung Owyang
9. Regulation of pancreatic protein synthesis and growthMaria Dolors Sans, John A. Williams
10. Fibrogenesis of the pancreas: The role of stellate cellsMinoti V. Apte, Romano C. Pirola, Jeremy S. Wilson
11. Fibrogenesis of the pancreas: The role of macrophagesAida Habtezion
12. Insulo-acinar relationshipKeiko Shiratori, Kyoko Shimizu
Section 3: Acute Pancreatitis
13. Epidemiology and etiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitisJeremy Wilson, Romano Pirola, Minoti Apte
14. Etiology and epidemiology of biliary acute pancreatitisMichael G. T. Raraty, Andrea Sheel, John Neoptolemos
15. Genetic factors in acute pancreatitisZachary Zator, Georgios I. Papachristou
16. The role of the intestine and the mesenteric lymph in the development of SIRS and MODS in severe acute pancreatitisAlistair B. J. Escott, Anthony R. J. Phillips, John A. Windsor
17. Neuroinflammation in acute pancreatitisJami L. Saloman, Kathryn M. Albers, Brian M. Davis
18. Molecular biochemical and metabolic abnormalities of acute pancreatitisJulia Mayerle, F. Ulrich Weiss, Walter Halangk, Markus M. Lerch
19. Histopathology of acute pancreatitisGunter Kloeppel
20. Clinical classification systems of acute pancreatitisJohn A. Windsor, M. S. Petrov
21. Clinical assessment and biochemical markers to objectify severity and prognosisBettina M. Rau, Guido Alsfasser
22. Acute pancreatitis associated with congenital anomaliesChristopher R. Schlieve, Andrew L. Warshaw, Tracy C. Grikscheit
23. Acute pancreatitis in childrenMark E. Lowe, Veronique D. Morinville
24. Acute pancreatitis associated with metabolic, infections and drug-related diseasesAli A. Aghdassi, Markus M. Lerch
25. Radiologic diagnosis and staging of severe acute pancreatitisYoshihisa Tsuji
Clinical course and medical treatment of acute pancreatitis (26 29)
26. Conservative therapy of acute pancreatitis: Volume substitution and enteral and parenteral nutritionTimothy B. Gardner
27. ICU treatment of severe acute pancreatitisScott R. Gunn, David C. Whitcomb
28. The use of antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis: Indications and limitationsRainer Isenmann, Mathias Wittau
29. Indication for interventional and surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitisThomas E. Clancy
30. Management of infected pancreatic necroses: An endoscopic approachEduardo Rodrigues-Pinto, Todd H. Baron
31. Minimal-invasive debridement and lavage of necrotizing pancreatitisRebecca Saunders, Michael Raraty, Chris Halloran, John Neoptolemos
32. Open surgical debridement of necrotizing pancreatitisLutz Schneider, Markus W. Buchler
33. Endoscopic treatment of biliary acute pancreatitisIchiro Yasuda, Shinpei Doi, Masatoshi Mabuchi
34. Strategies of management of pseudo cysts and walled-off necroses after acute pancreatitis: Interventional endoscopic approachGeorg Beyer, Julia Mayerle, Markus M. Lerch
35. Surgical treatment of pseudo cysts and walled-off necroses after acute pancreatitisNaohiro Sata, Masaru Koizumi, Alan K. Lefor
36. Management of fluid collection in acute pancreatitisFelix Lammerhirt, Frank Ulrich Weiss, Markus M. Lerch
37. Management of pancreatic fistula in acute pancreatitisJoerg Kaiser, Thilo Hackert, Markus W. Buchler
38. Long-term outcome after acute pancreatitisChristin Tjaden, Thilo Hackert
Section 4: Chronic Pancreatitis
39. Molecular understanding of chronic pancreatitisJohn F. Eisses, Sohail Z. Husain
40. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcoholic chronic pancreatitisAtsushi Masamune, Tooru Shimosegawa
41. Pain mechanisms in chronic pancreatitisPierluigi di Sebastiano, Tommaso Grottola, Francesco F. di Mola
42. Natural history of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitisRohit Das, Dhiraj Yadav
43. Chronic pancreatitis with inflammatory mass in the pancreatic headUlrich F. Wellner, Tobias Keck
44. Early stage chronic pancreatitisTetsuhide Ito, Masayuki Hijioka, Tooru Shimosegawa
45. Hereditary chronic pancreatitis: Molecular pattern, clinical consequences, management principlesCeleste Shelton, David C. Whitcomb
46. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of tropical chronic pancreatitisShailesh V. Shrikhande, Savio G. Barreto
47. Cystic fibrosis (CFTR)-associated pancreatic diseaseChee Y. Ooi, Aliye Uc
48. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of chronic pancreatitisJulia Mayerle, Peter Simon, Markus M. Lerch
49. Evidence of contrast enhanced CT and MRI/MRCPJ. Enrique Dominguez-Munoz, Roberto Garcia-Figueiras, Julio Iglesias-Garcia
50. Chronic pancreatitis: Risk factors in cancerAlbert B. Lowenfels, Patrick Maisonneuve
51. Pain management of chronic pancreatitisKai Bachmann, Stephanie Plagemann, Yogesh Kumar Vashist, Jakob Robert Izbicki
52. Medical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: Pancreatic digestive enzymes: lipases, proteasesMark E. Lowe
53. Nutritional support of chronic pancreatitisSinead N. Duggan, Stephen J. O Keefe
54. Medical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: AntioxidantsChris E. Forsmark
Strategies for surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis (55 60)
55. Evidence of endoscopic and interventional treatment of chronic pancreatitis and pseudocystsJoerg Schirra, Markus M. Lerch, Julia Mayerle
56. Indications and goals of surgical treatmentRyan T. Groeschl, Michael B. Farnell
57. Pancreatic duct drainage procedureD. Bausch, Tobias Keck
58. Duodenum preserving pancreatic head resectionHans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, Yang Yinmo, Waldemar Uhl
59. Major pancreatic resectionMay C. Tee, Michael B. Farnell
60. Laparoscopic surgeryVernissia Tam, Melissa Hogg, Amer Zureikat
61. Chronic pancreatitis: Late outcome after medical and surgical treatmentVolker Assfalg, Norbert Huser, Helmut Friess
62. Management of pancreatic diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitisKeiko Shiratori
Section 5: Autoimmune Pancreatitis
63. Epidemiology of autoimmune pancreatitisTerumi Kamisawa, Tooru Shimosegawa
64. Pathogenesis of autoimmune pancreatitisYoh Zen
65. Histology of autoimmune pancreatitisRajib Gupta, Vikram Deshpande
66. Clinical manifestation of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitisTooru Shimosegawa, Morihisa Hirota, Atsushi Kanno
67. Clinical manifestation of type 2 autoimmune pancreatitisEmma L. Culver, George Webster
68. Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitisJ.-Matthias Loehr, Pia Maier, Stephan L. Haas
69. What is the evidence measuring immune markersShigeyuki Kawa
70. Imaging diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitisKazuichi Okazaki, Tsukasa Ikeura, Kazushige Uchida, Makoto Takaoka
71. Medical treatment of autoimmune pancreatitisShounak Majumder, Suresh T. Chari
72. Long-term outcomes after treatment of autoimmune pancreatitisLuca Frulloni, Nicolo de Pretis
Section 6: Neoplastic Tumors of the Exocrine Tissue: Benign Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas
73. Epidemiology of cystic neoplasm of the pancreasSaurabh Mukewar, Suresh Chari
74. Histologic classification and staging of cystic neoplasmNoriyoshi Fukushima, Giuseppe Zamboni
75. Molecular mechanisms of cystic neoplasmNickolas Papadopoulos, Ralph H. Hruban
76. Clinical presentation of cystic neoplasmSusumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, Kenji Yamao
77. Evaluation of cystic lesions using EUS, MRT, and CTAnne Marie Lennon, Hiroyuki Maguchi
78. Cytologic evaluation of cystic neoplasmMartha Bishop Pitman
79. Natural history of cystic neoplasm: IPMN, MCN, SCN, and SPNAnna-Katharina Stadler, Thilo Hackert, Stefan Fritz, Markus W. Buchler
80. Surveillance or surgical treatment in asymptomatic cystic neoplasmKlaus Sahora, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo
Local and Standard Surgical Treatment of Cystic Neoplasms (81 85)
81. Duodenum-preserving partial or total pancreatic head resectionHans G. Beger,Bertram Poch
82. Pancreatic middle segment resection of cystic neoplasmsCalogero Iacono
83. Enucleation of cystic neoplasms: Indication and limitationRosalie A. Carr, C. Max Schmidt, Henry A. Pitt
84. Standard surgical management of IPMN, MCN, SPN, and SCN lesions: An open approachMiral Sadaria Grandhi, Barish H. Edil, Richard D. Schulick
85. Surgical treatment of cystic neoplasm: Laparoscopic approachRichard A. Burkhart, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Markus W. Buchler, Thilo Hackert
86. Management of recurrence of cystic neoplasmZhi Ven Fong, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Keith D. Lillemoe
87. Long-term outcome after observation and surgical treatment of cystic neoplasm. What is the evidence?Giovanni Marchegiani, Giuseppe Malleo, Claudio Bassi
Section 7: Neoplastic Tumors of Exocrine Tissue: Pancreatic Cancer
88. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancerEvelina Mocci, Alison P. Klein
89. Smoking, a risk for pancreatic cancer: Experimental and clinical dataUwe A. Wittel, Bradley R. Hall , Surinder K. Batra
90. Molecular understanding of development of ductal pancreatic cancerLaura D. Wood, Ralph H. Hruban
91. Familial pancreatic cancerAlison P. Klein
92. Pathology of exocrine pancreatic tumorsMeredith E. Pittman, Ralph H. Hruban
93. Pancreatic cancer: Precancerous lesionsMichael Noe, Lodewijk A. A. Brosens, Johan Offerhaus
94. Clinical history and risk factors of pancreatic cancerNorbert Huser, Volker Assfalg, Helmut Friess
95. Pancreatic cancer within uncinate process: Radiologic and clinical characteristicsSebastian Hollander, Dieter Birk
96. The role of EUS for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of neoplastic lesionsSusumu Hijioka, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Nozomi Okuno, Kenji Yamao
97. Radiological diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: CT, MRISiva P. Raman, Elliot K. Fishman
98. Screening of hereditary pancreatic cancerMichael Goggins
99. The role of PET in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and cancer recurrenceNorbert Huser, Volker Assfalg, Isabel Rauscher, Helmut Friess
100. Tumor markers in pancreatic malignanciesShin Hamada, Atsushi Masamune, Tooru Shimosegawa
101. The role of laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology in the management of pancreatic cancerKyoichi Takaori, Shinji Uemoto
102. Clinical assessment and staging of advanced pancreatic cancerJennifer LaFemina, Ann K. Friedrich, Giles F. Whalen
Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer (103 110)
103. Pancreatic cancer: Indications for resectionAkimasa Nakao
104. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer, short and long-term outcome after Kausch-Whipple and pylorus-preserving resectionJin He, John L. Cameron
105. Left pancreatectomy for body and tail cancerGeorgios Gemenetzis, Christopher L. Wolfgang
106. Total pancreatectomy: Indication and limitationsSeiko Hirono, Hiroki Yamaue
107. Laparoscopic and robotic resection for pancreatic cancerD. Magge, Herbert J. Zeh, Melissa E. Hogg
108. Extended radical surgery for pancreatic cancerThilo Hackert, Alexis Ulrich, Markus W. Buchler
109. Palliative pancreaticoduodenectomy: Benefits and limitationsChristoph W. Michalski, Max Heckler, Mert Erkan, Markus W. Buchler
110. Bypass surgery for advanced pancreatic cancerJurgen Weitz, Thomas Pausch, Christoph W. Michalski, Thilo Hackert
111. Endoscopic and interventional palliation of pancreatic cancerTakao Itoi
112. Neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer: Downstaging resultsRobert A. Wolff, Gauri Varadhachary
113. Adjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer: First line and second line treatment: Benefits of survivalRobert P. Jones, Paula Ghaneh, John P. Neoptolemos
114. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancerAdrian G. Murphy, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Lei Zheng
115. Targeted therapies for pancreatic cancerVincent Bernard, Anirban Maitra
116. Palliative chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: Treatment modalities, side effects and benefits of survivalOlusola O. Faluyi, Madhuchanda Chatterjee, Daniel H. Palmer
117. Management of pain in pancreatic cancerMichael Erdek
118. Role of radio and proton beam therapy for pancreatic cancerAmol K. Narang, Lauren M. Rosati, Michael D. Chuong, Joseph M. Herman
119. Management of cancer recurrenceOliver Strobel, Markus W. Buchler
120. Survival and late morbidity after resection of pancreatic cancerAvinoam Nevler, Charles J. Yeo, Jordan M. Winter
Section 8: Neoplastic Tumors of the Endocrine Pancreas: Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
121. Epidemiology and classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreasJ. J. Mukherjee, Kok-Onn Lee, Gregory Kaltsas
122. Pathology of neuroendocrine tumors Atsuko Kasajima, Hironobu Sasano
123. Molecular genetic of neuroendocrine tumorsNickolas Papadopoulos, Ralph H. Hruban
124. Clinical manifestation of endocrine tumors of the pancreasKen Kawabe, Tetsuhide Ito
125. Evidence of hormonal, laboratory, biochemistric and instrumental diagnostics of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreasKok-Onn Lee, Gregory Kaltsas, J. J. Mukherjee
126. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in multiple neoplasia syndromesA. Rinke, T. M. Gress
127. Non-functioning neuroendocrine tumors: Diagnosis and management principlesTakao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, Masafumi Nakamura
128. Medical and nucleotid treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreasGregory Kaltsas, J. J. Mukherjee, Kok-Onn Lee
129. Interventional radiology treatment of neuroendocrine tumorsTakao Ohtsuka, Hideyo Kimura, Masafumi Nakamura
Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas (130 136)
130. Enucleation of neuroendocrine tumorsHenning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, Andreas Machens
131. Middle segment pancreatectomy and duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection for neurendocrine tumorsHans G. Beger, Wataru Kimura
132. Major oncologic resection for neuroendocrine tumorsHenning Dralle, Phuong Nguyen Thanh, Andreas Machens
133. Management of insulinomaKeijiro Ueda, Linkaku Lee, Tetsuhide Ito
134. Gastrinoma: Evidence of medical and surgical treatmentRyuichiro Doi
135. Rare neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: Management and evidence of surgical treatmentRyuichiro Doi
136. Treatment of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and biliary tractAndrea Frilling, Ashley K. Clift, Vito Cicinnati
137. Long-term outcome after treatment of endocrine tumorsAndreas Machens, Henning Dralle
Section 9: Periampullary Tumors and others than Pancreatic Cancer
138. Periampullary tumors: Clinical presentation and diagnostic strategyAmanda Cooper, Keith D. Lillemoe
139. Histology and genetics of cancer of the papilla, distal common bile duct and duodenumYue Xue, Michelle D. Reid, Volkan Adsay
140. Adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Diagnosis and managementOmer Basar, William R. Brugge
141. Endoscopic treatment of adenomas of the Ampulla of Vater: Techniques, results, benefits and limitationsNatsuyo Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Isayama, Kazuhiko Koike
142. Surgical treatment of adenoma and cancer of papilla VaterHans G. Beger, Bertram Poch, Bettina M. Rau
143. Surgical treatment of duodenal cancerFuyuhiko Motoi, Michiaki Unno
144. Surgical treatment of distal cholangiocarcinomaYukihiro Yokoyama, Tomoki Ebata, Masato Nagino
145. Adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy of periampullary cancer: First line treatment and outcomeEyas Mohamed, Paula Ghaneh, John Neoptolemos
146. Long-term survival after resection of periampullary cancerMasayuki Ohtsuka, Masaru Miyazaki
Section 10: Transplantation of the Pancreas
147. Transplantation of pancreatic isletsBernhard J. Hering, Melena D. Bellin
148. Transplantation of the pancreasHans W. Sollinger, Dixon B. Kaufman
Index, xxx