Unexplained Infertility

Glenn L. Schattman, MD, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Sandro C. Esteves, MD, PhD, ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Referral Center for Male Reproduction, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Ashok Agarwal, PhD, HCLD (ABB), ELD (ACE), Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Andrology Center and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

Part I: Definitions and Epidemiology.- Definitions and Relevance of Unexplained Infertility in Reproductive Medicine.- Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Male Infertility.- Controversies Surrounding the 2010 World Health Organization Cutoff Values for Human Semen Characteristics and Its Impact on Unexplained Infertility.- Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Female Infertility.- Part II: Pathophysiology: Male.- Sperm Biology from Production to Ejaculation.- Idiopathic Infertility: Survival and Function of Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract.- Potential Male Etiologies of Unexplained Infertility.- Genetic Basis of Unexplained Male Infertility.- Role of the Immune System in Unexplained Male Infertility.- Oxidative Stress in Unexplained Male Infertility.- Role and Significance of Sperm Function in Men with Unexplained Infertility.- Role of Environmental Factors and Gonadotoxin Exposure in Unexplained Male Infertility.- Part III: Pathophysiology: Female.- Potential Female Etiologies of Unexplained Infertility.- Oxidative Stress in Unexplained Female Infertility.- Role of Environmental Factors and Gonadotoxin Exposure in Unexplained Female Infertility.- Cervical Hostility and Vaginal pH in Females with Unexplained Infertility.- Role of Endometrial Receptivity in Unexplained Infertility.- Fallopian Tube Dysfunction in Unexplained Infertility.- Subtle Endometriosis and Unexplained Infertility.- Part IV: Evaluation.- Evaluation of Women with Unexplained Infertility.- Evaluation of Men with Unexplained Infertility.- Part V: Expectant, Medical and Surgical Treatment.- The Role of Expectant Management for Couples with Unexplained Infertility.- Treatment and Prognosis of Immunological Factors in Unexplained Male Infertility.- Medication Strategies for the Male with Unexplained Infertility.- Clomiphene Citrate for Women with Unexplained Infertility.- Aromatase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Unexplained Female Infertility.- Gonadotropins for Women withUnexplained Infertility.- Part VI: Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Future Perspectives.- Gonadotropin in Assisted Reproduction: An Evolution Perspective.- Intrauterine Insemination in Unexplained Female Infertility.- Role of In Vitro Fertilization in Unexplained Female Infertility.- Role of Assisted Reproduction Techniques in the Management of Unexplained Male Infertility.- Future Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Unexplained Male Infertility.