Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis (eBook)

Mark Leitman, MD, Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology, University Surgicenter, East Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

Preface vi

Introduction to the eye team and their instruments vii

1 Medical history 1

Medical illnesses 3

Medications 4

Family history of eye disease 7

2 Measurement of vision and refraction 8

Visual acuity 8

Optics 9

Refraction 11

Contact lenses 14

Common problems 18

Refractive surgery 18

3 Neuro-ophthalmology 23

Eye movements 23

Strabismus 26

Cranial nerves III-VIII 31

Nystagmus 35

The pupil 41

Visual field testing 44

Color vision 47

Circulatory disturbances affecting vision 47

4 External structures 51

Lymph nodes 51

Lacrimal system 51

Lids 59

Lashes 62

Phakomatoses 65

Anterior and posterior blepharitis 66

5 The orbit 70

Sinusitis 72

Exophthalmos 74

Enophthalmos 74

6 Slit lamp examination and glaucoma 76

Cornea 76

Corneal epithelial disease 77

Corneal endothelial disease 82

Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) 84

Conjunctiva 89

Sclera 96

Glaucoma 97

Uvea 11

Cataracts 128

7 The retina and vitreous 136

Retinal anatomy 136

Fundus examination 138

Papilledema (choked disk) 140

Retinal blood vessels 142

Age-related macular degeneration 152

Central serous chorioretinopathy 156

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 156

Albinism 158

Retinitis pigmentosa 158

Retinoblastoma 160 Retinopathy of prematurity 161

Vitreous 161

Retinal holes and detachments 164

Appendix 1: Hyperlipidemia 169

Appendix 2: Amsler grid 171

Index 172