Medical Applications of Lasers

1. Elements of Laser Emission Process.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Components of a Laser Source.- 1.3 Laser Amplification.- 1.4 Beam Divergence.- 1.5 Monochromaticity.- 1.6 Optical Coherence Length and Time.- 1.7 Interaction of Radiation with Atomic System.- 1.8 Einstien Transition Coefficients.- 1.9 Light Amplification.- 1.10 Laser Efficiency of a Medium.- 1.11 Laser Gain.- 1.12 Q-Switched Laser.- 1.13 Ruby Laser.- 1.14 Helium-Neon Laser.- 1.15 Lasers in Medicine.- 2. Laser-Tissue Interaction.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General Consideration of Laser-Tissue Interaction.- 2.3 Overview of Laser Propagation in Tissue.- 2.4 Models of Laser-Tissue Propagation.- 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulation of Laser-Tissue Interaction.- 2.6 Thermal and Mechanical Damage of Tissue.- 2.7 Examples of Tissue Properties.- 2.8 Summary.- Appendix: Helpful Mathematical Relations.- References.- 3. Laser Ophthalmology.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Characteristics of the Human Eye.- 3.3 Visual Refractive Errors.- 3.4 Laser Interaction with Eye Tissues.- 3.5 Laser Applications in Ophthalmology — Diagnostic.- 3.6 Laser Applications in Ophthalmology — Therapeutic.- 3.7 Laser Applications in Ophthalmology — The Future.- References.- 4. Laser Cardiology.- 4.1 Laser Therapy.- 4.2 Laser Diagnosis.- References (Part A).- 4.3 Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization (TMLR).- 4.4 Laser Vasculr Anastomosis.- 4.5 Laser Angioplasty for Cardiovascular Disease.- References (Part B).- 5. Laser Tomography.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Diffusing Light Technologies.- 5.3 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.- 5.4 Optical Coherence Tomography.- 5.5 Spatial Speckle Correlometry.- 5.6 Imaging Techniques Based on Speckle Contrast Analyisis.- References.- 6. Lasers in Urology.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Lasers in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.-6.3 Laser Treatment of Bladder and Urethral Tumors.- 6.4 Stricture of Urinary Tract.- 6.5 Laser Lithotripsy.- 6.6 Some Useful Laser Devices for Lithotripsy.- 6.7 Other Uses.- References.- 7. Laser Lithotripsy.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Surgical Management of Urinary Stones.- 7.3 Laser Lithotripsy.- 7.4 Summary.- References.- 8. Laser Dermatology.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Basic Principles and Concepts.- 8.3 Dermatological Applications of Lasers.- References.- 9. Laser Dentistry.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Human Tooth.- 9.3 Laser Treatment of Hard Tooth Substance.- 9.4 Laser Treatment of Soft Dental Tissue.- 9.5 Lasers in Endodontics.- 9.6 Laser Treatrment of Filling Materials.- References.- 10. Lasers in Gynaecology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Laparoscopy/Laparotomy with Lasers.- 10.3 Hysteroscopic Procedures with Laser.- 10.4 Colposcopy with Lasers.- 10.5 Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART).- 10.6 Future Trends of Lasers in Gynaecology.- References.- 11. Laser Safety in Medicine.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Classification of Laser Hazards.- 11.3 Common Wavelengths.- 11.4 Fiber Optics.- 11.5 Laser Tissue Interaction.- 11.6 Non-beam Hazards.- 11.7 Persons Under Risks.- 11.8 Laser Safety Elements.- 11.9 Duties of a Laser Safety Officer.- 11.10 Laser Safety Committee.- 11.11 Laser Safety Training.- 11.12 Authority for Laser Procedures.- 11.13 Laser Safety in Different Settings.- 11.14 Laser Safety Devices.- 11.15 Reflections.- 11.16 Alignment Aids.- 11.17 Low Power Laser Safety.- 11.18 Laser Safety Policies and Procedures.- 11.19 Laser Incidents.- References.- Resource Material.- Appendix (Glossary of Terms in Lasers and Devices).