Handbook of Essential Oils

K. Hüsnü Can Başer, PhD, earned his doctorate in pharmacognosy at Chelsea College of the University of London, UK. He is currently a visiting professor at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has held various positions at Anadolu University, including dean of the faculty of pharmacy, head of the department of professional pharmaceutical sciences, head of the pharmacognosy section, member of the university board and senate, and director of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant and Drug Research Centre (TBAM). He has communicated 940 papers in 262 symposia, and has published over 700 papers in international refereed journals, 144 papers in Turkish journals, 141 papers in conference proceedings, and 52 books or book chapters. For more information, visit http://www.khcbaser.com. Gerhard Buchbauer, PhD, earned his doctorate in pharmacy and philosophy at the University of Vienna, Austria. In 2002, he was elected head of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of Vienna. He retired in 2008 and is still a member of numerous scientific committees and societies as well as a member of several editorial boards, including the Journal of Essential Oil Research, the International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics, and Scientia Pharmaceutica. He is also assistant editor of the Flavour and Fragrance Journal. He has been instrumental in establishing the area of fragrance and flavor chemistry as a research discipline within the pharmaceutical sciences.

Introduction
K. Hüsnü Can Başer and Gerhard Buchbauer

History and Sources of Essential Oil Research
Karl-Heinz Kubeczka

Sources of Essential Oils
Chlodwig Franz and Johannes Novak

Natural Variability of Essential Oil Components
Éva Németh-Zámbori

Production of Essential Oils
Erich Schmidt

Chemistry of Essential Oils
Charles Sell

Analysis of Essential Oils
Barbara d’Acampora Zellner, Paola Dugo, Giovanni Dugo, and Luigi Mondello

Safety Evaluation of Essential Oils: Constituent-Based Approach Utilized for Flavor Ingredients—An Update
Sean V. Taylor

Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Walter Jäger and Martina Höferl

Biological Activities of Essential Oils: An Update
Gerhard Buchbauer and Ramona Bohusch

Antioxidative Properties of Essential Oils and Single Fragrance Compounds
Gerhard Buchbauer and Marina Erkic

Effects of Essential Oils in the Central Nervous System
Eva Heuberger, Domingos Sávio Nunes, Viviane de Moura Linck, Adriana Lourenço da Silva, Micheli Figueiró, and Elaine Elisabetsky

Phytotherapeutic Uses of Essential Oils
Robert Harris

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils Monographed in the European Pharmacopoeia 8th Edition
Alexander Pauli and Heinz Schilcher

Aromatherapy with Essential Oils
Maria Lis-Balchin

Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
K. Hüsnü Can Başer and Chlodwig Franz

Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture
Gerhard Buchbauer and Susanne Hemetsberger

Adulteration of Essential Oils
Erich Schmidt and Jürgen Wanner

Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals
Yoshiaki Noma and Yoshinori Asakawa

Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Yoshinori Asakawa and Yoshiaki Noma

Industrial Uses of Essential Oils
W.S. Brud

Encapsulation and Other Programmed Release Techniques for Essential Oils and Volatile Terpenes
Jan Karlsen

Trade of Essential Oils
Hugo Bovill

Storage, Labelling and Transport of Essential Oils
Jens Jankowski, Jens-Achim Protzen, Klaus-Dieter Protzen

Aroma-Vital Cuisine: Healthy and Delightful Consumption by the Use of Essential Oils
Maria M. Kettenring and Lara-M. Vucemilovic-Geeganage

Recent EU Legislation on Flavors and Fragrances and Its Impact on Essential Oils
Jan C.R. Demyttenaere