Insight into Designing Biocompatible Magnesium Alloys and Composites (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 9
Abbreviations 11
1 Introduction 13
Abstract 13
1.1 Biomaterials for Orthopedic Applications 13
1.2 Currently Used Biomaterials and Their Drawbacks 14
1.2.1 Metals 14
1.2.2 Ceramics 18
1.2.3 Polymers 18
1.2.4 Composites 19
1.3 Requirements of Ideal Implants 19
1.3.1 Material 20
1.3.2 Mechanical Properties 20
1.3.3 Manufacturing of Implants 21
1.4 Pure Magnesium as a Biomaterial 22
1.5 Summary 23
References 24
2 Synthesis of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials 28
Abstract 28
2.1 Synthesis of Impermeable Magnesium Materials 28
2.1.1 Liquid-State Processing 28
2.1.1.1 Conventional Casting 29
2.1.1.2 Liquid Infiltration 29
2.1.1.3 In Situ Process 32
2.1.1.4 Spray Forming 33
2.1.1.5 Disintegrated Melt Deposition Technique 33
2.1.2 Solid-State Processing 35
2.1.2.1 Powder Metallurgy Technique 35
2.1.3 Additive Manufacturing 38
2.1.4 Secondary Processing of Impermeable Mg Materials 39
2.1.4.1 Hot Extrusion 39
2.1.4.2 Hot Rolling 40
2.2 Synthesis of Porous Magnesium Materials 41
2.3 Summary 43
References 43
3 Selection of Alloying Elements and Reinforcements Based on Toxicity and Mechanical Properties 46
Abstract 46
3.1 Selection of Elements Based on Toxicity 46
3.1.1 Selection of Alloying Elements for Mg Alloys Based on Toxicity 49
3.1.2 Selection of Particulate Reinforcements for Mg Composites Based on Toxicity 50
3.2 Selection Based on Mechanical Properties 51
3.2.1 Selection of Alloying Elements Based on Mechanical Properties 51
3.2.1.1 Calcium (Ca) 56
3.2.1.2 Zinc (Zn) 57
3.2.1.3 Strontium (Sr) 57
3.2.1.4 Silicon (Si) 57
3.2.1.5 Zirconium (Zr) 58
3.2.1.6 Mg–Zr–Sr Alloy 58
3.2.1.7 Mg–Zn–Sr Alloy 59
3.2.1.8 Mg–Ca–Zn Alloy 59
3.2.1.9 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloy 60
3.2.1.10 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloy 60
3.2.1.11 Mg–Ca–Mn–Zn Alloy 61
3.2.2 Selection of Particulate Reinforcements Based on Mechanical Properties 65
3.2.2.1 Magnesium Matrix Microcomposites Targeting Biomedical Applications 65
3.2.2.2 Magnesium Matrix Nanocomposites Targeting Biomedical Applications 69
3.2.3 Selection of Particulates and Porosity Levels for Porous Mg Materials 71
3.3 Summary 73
References 73
4 Selection of Alloying Elements and Reinforcements Based on Degradation Properties 79
Abstract 79
4.1 Selection Based on In Vitro Corrosion of Mg Materials 79
4.1.1 Corrosion Experiments 79
4.1.1.1 Unpolarized-type Corrosion Experiments 80
Weight Loss Measurements (WL) 80
Hydrogen Evolution Measurement (HEM) 80
pH Monitoring (pH) 81
4.1.1.2 Polarized-type Corrosion Experiments 81
Potentiodynamic Polarization Studies (PDP) 81
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 82
4.1.2 Effects of Alloying Elements on Corrosion Properties of Mg Targeting Biomedical Applications 83
4.1.2.1 Calcium 83
4.1.2.2 Zinc 85
4.1.2.3 Mg–Zn–Ca Alloy 89
4.1.2.4 Mg–Ca–Mn–Zn Alloy 90
4.1.2.5 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloy 91
4.1.2.6 Mg–Zr–Sr Alloy 92
4.1.2.7 Mg–Zn–Sr Alloy 93
4.1.2.8 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloy 93
4.1.2.9 Mg–RE Alloys 96
4.1.3 Effects of Particulate Reinforcements on Corrosion Properties of Mg Composites Targeting Biomedical Applications 98
4.1.4 Effect of Porosity Levels on Corrosion Behavior of Mg Materials 100
4.2 Selection Based on In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Test 101
4.3 Summary 110
References 116