Front Cover 1
Related titles 3
Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys for Biomedical Applications 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of contributors 12
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials 14
Part One - Chemical and physicalmodifications of magnesiumand its alloys for biomedicalapplications 20
1 - Fluoride conversion coatings for magnesium and its alloys for the biological environment 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Coating formation: Mechanism and characteristics 23
1.3 Corrosion protection properties 30
1.4 Conclusions and future trends 38
References 38
2 - Phosphate treatment of magnesium alloy implants for biomedical applications 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Degradation of magnesium and magnesium alloys 43
2.3 Basic requirement of surface modification 46
2.4 Basic phosphating process 48
2.5 The formation process of phosphate coating and microstructure evaluation 51
2.6 Anticorrosion resistance 56
2.7 In vitro biocompatibility 61
2.8 In vivo investigation 62
2.9 Future trends 71
References 71
3 - Chemical solution deposition of hydroxyapatite and octacalcium phosphate coatings for magnesium and its alloys to impro ... 78
3.1 Introduction 78
3.2 Hydroxyapatite and octacalcium phosphate coatings formed by a chemical solution deposition technique 79
3.3 Morphology, crystal structure and composition of HAp and OCP coatings 87
3.4 Long-term corrosion behaviour of OCP- and HAp-coated Mg alloy in a cell culture medium 89
3.5 Short-term cell culture test on HAp-coated Mg alloy 93
3.6 Adhesiveness of the HAp coating under tensile load 94
3.7 Fatigue behaviour of HAp-coated Mg alloy 94
3.8 Summary and future perspectives 96
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
4 - Physical vapour deposition on Mg alloys for biomedical applications 100
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 The physical vapour deposition process and its limitations 100
4.3 Physical vapour deposition at low temperatures to suit magnesium alloys 102
4.4 Film structure 106
4.5 Controlling material degradation through intelligent design of PVD coating 109
References 117
Part Two - Mechanical and electrochemicalmodifications of magnesiumand its alloys for biomedicalapplications 120
5 - Cryogenic machining and burnishing of magnesium alloys to improve in vivo corrosion resistance 122
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Literature concerning surface integrity and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys 123
5.3 Surface integrity in the cryogenic machining and burnishing of AZ31 Mg alloy 126
5.4 Corrosion performance of machined and burnished samples 137
5.5 Finite element modeling of grain size changes in cryogenic machining 144
5.6 Summary and future trends 146
References 149
6 - Anodic electrodeposition of MgO coatings to improve corrosion resistance in vivo 154
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 Preparation and characterization of MgO coating on Mg alloy 155
6.3 Conclusion 168
References 168
7 - Surface modification of magnesium and its biodegradable alloys by calcium orthophosphate coatings to improve corrosion ... 170
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Brief description of two major constituents 172
7.3 Brief discussion of the important predeposition and postdeposition procedures 176
7.4 Deposition techniques 181
7.5 Conclusions 198
References 199
8 - Plasma electrolytic oxidation/micro-arc oxidation of magnesium and its alloys 212
8.1 Introduction 212
8.2 Principles of PEO processing 212
8.3 Coating requirements for biomedical applications 215
8.4 Controlling coating composition, microstructure and properties for biomedical applications 219
8.5 Duplex treatments 229
8.6 Performance of PEO coatings in biomedical applications 233
8.7 Applications 244
8.8 Summary and conclusions 245
References 246
9 - Strategies to improve the corrosion resistance of microarc oxidation coatings on magnesium and its alloys: Implications ... 254
9.1 Introduction 254
9.2 Surface modification of Mg and its alloys by microarc oxidation (MAO) 255
9.3 Strategies to improve the corrosion resistance of MAO-coated Mg and its alloys 256
9.4 Summary and concluding remarks 279
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
Part Three - Biomimetic modifications,surface functionalizationof biomolecules, natural,conducting and biodegradablepolymeric coatings 288
10 - Biomimetic surface modifications of magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 290
10.1 Introduction 290
10.2 Modification of biodegradable magnesium alloy implant surfaces 291
10.3 Biomimetic superhydrophobic coatings on magnesium and its alloys 308
10.4 Conclusions 312
Acknowledgements 313
References 313
11 - Surface modification by natural biopolymer coatings on magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 320
11.1 Introduction 320
11.2 Phytic acid modification 321
11.3 Chitosan modification 326
11.4 Stearic acid modification 338
11.5 Gelatin modification 342
11.6 Bovine serum albumin modification 346
11.7 Future perspectives 348
References 350
12 - Surface modification of magnesium by functional polymer coatings for neural applications 354
12.1 Introduction 354
12.2 Current neural prosthetic devices and their material requirements 354
12.3 Current state and desired material properties for nerve regenerative devices 357
12.4 Magnesium for neural applications 358
12.5 Functional improvements to magnesium 360
12.6 Polymer coating 361
12.7 Coating methods 362
12.8 Evaluation of coating 368
References 370
13 - Biodegradable polymeric coatings for surface modification of magnesium-based biomaterials 374
13.1 Introduction 374
13.2 Biodegradable polymers 375
13.3 Polymer degradation mechanisms 376
13.4 Polymer biocompatibility 379
13.5 Polymer coating performance 381
13.6 Hybrid coatings 386
13.7 Conclusions 391
References 392
Part Four - Other methods of surfacemodification of magnesiumand its alloys 396
14 - Cold-spray coatings on magnesium and its alloys 398
14.1 Introduction 398
14.2 Current challenges of magnesium applications 399
14.3 Applications of cold-spray coatings on magnesium alloys 401
14.4 Bonding mechanism of cold-sprayed coatings on magnesium and its alloys 411
14.5 Future work and potential industrial application of cold-spray coatings on magnesium alloys 419
Acknowledgements 420
References 420
15 - Biocompatible strontium-phosphate and manganese-phosphate conversion coatings for magnesium and its alloys 426
15.1 Introduction 426
15.2 Development of SrPO4 coatings 431
15.3 Development of MnPO4 coatings 435
15.4 Applications and future development 443
15.5 General discussion 444
15.6 Summary 446
References 447
Index 452