Front Cover 1
Related titles 3
Surface Modification of Magnesium and its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Volume 1: Biological Interactions, Mechanical Properties and Testing 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of contributors 10
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials 12
Part One - Fundamentals of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 18
1 - Revolutionising biodegradable biomaterials – significance of magnesium and its alloys 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Corrosion of magnesium alloys 21
1.3 Ultra-pure magnesium 26
1.4 Measurement of magnesium corrosion 28
1.5 In vitro and in vivo comparison 33
1.6 Magnesium corrosion mechanism 34
1.7 Galvanic corrosion 34
1.8 Summary of important points 34
Acknowledgements 37
References 37
2 - Surface modification of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications: opportunities and challenges 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Thermal, hydrothermal, and alkaline heat treatment-based surface modifications 47
2.3 Chemical surface modifications 52
2.4 Electrochemical surface modification 72
2.5 Plasma surface modification 76
2.6 Laser surface modification 82
2.7 Other methods of surface modification 86
2.8 Summary and concluding remarks 89
References 91
3 - Surface design of biodegradable magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 106
3.1 Introduction 106
3.2 Surface modification techniques 106
3.3 Surface design principles for biodegradable magnesium alloys 115
3.4 Research examples 119
3.5 Summary and future trends 131
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
Part Two - Biological and mechanical properties of surface modified magnesium and magnesium alloys 138
4 - Bioabsorbable behaviour of magnesium alloys – an in vivo approach 140
4.1 Introduction 140
4.2 Requirements with regard to magnesium alloys for in vivo use 141
4.3 Transferability of in vitro findings to in vivo trials: a suitable indicator for in vivo studies? 144
4.4 In vivo biodegradation of magnesium alloys 147
4.5 In vivo biocompatibility of magnesium alloys 157
4.6 Testing of magnesium alloy in or on bone – special considerations 167
4.7 Testing of magnesium alloy in blood vessels – special considerations 176
4.8 Future trends 178
4.9 Further information and advice 180
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
5 - Mechanical integrity of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 196
5.1 Magnesium and its alloys as implant materials 196
5.2 Corrosion and assisted cracking of magnesium alloys 197
5.3 SCC of magnesium alloys: a biomedical perspective 201
5.4 Phenomenology of SCC of magnesium alloys 202
5.5 Prevention of SCC 215
5.6 Conclusions 216
References 216
6 - Effect of amino acids and proteins on the in vitro performance of coated magnesium for biomedical applications 222
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 The role of amino acids and proteins in biocorrosion 223
6.3 Effect of amino acids on corrosion performance of magnesium 227
6.4 Effect of proteins on magnesium biocorrosion 231
6.5 Effect of buffer and atmosphere on amino acids/protein-induced corrosion 236
6.6 Conclusions 243
References 245
7 - Biocompatibility of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys 248
7.1 Introduction 248
7.2 Biocompatibility of the materials introduced by surface modification 248
7.3 Biocompatibility of surface-modified magnesium-based metals – in vitro results 253
7.4 Biocompatibility of surface-modified magnesium-based metals – in vivo findings 260
7.5 Influencing factors on the biocompatibility of the surface-modified magnesium-based metals 263
7.6 Future trends 266
7.7 Sources of further information and advice 267
References 268
Part Three - Testing and characterization of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 278
8 - Characterization of modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 280
8.1 Introduction 280
8.2 Characterization methods 283
8.3 Future trends 294
8.4 Sources of additional information and advice 294
References 295
9 - Effect of surface treatments on the fatigue life of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications 300
9.1 Introduction 300
9.2 Fatigue behavior of magnesium alloys 301
9.3 Surface treatments 307
9.4 Future trends 320
Acknowledgements 321
References 321
10 - Testing the mechanical properties of surface-modified magnesium and magnesium alloys for biomedical applications 328
10.1 Introduction 328
10.2 Implantation-related mechanical properties 330
10.3 Degradation-related mechanical properties 333
10.4 Effect of surface modifications on implant performance 335
10.5 Testing mechanical properties in vitro 337
10.6 Testing implant performance in vivo 341
10.7 Sources of further information 344
Acknowledgements 345
References 345
11 - Biocompatibility testing and marketing authorisation of degradable magnesium implants 348
11.1 Introduction 348
11.2 Classification – which directive applies? 349
11.3 Testing according to international standards 352
11.4 Biocompatibility – one aspect of biological safety 357
11.5 Preclinical biocompatibility testing of biodegradable magnesium implants for marketing authorisation 363
11.6 Nonstandardised in vitro and in vivo techniques for biocompatibility evaluation of magnesium alloys 367
References 368
Index 372