Perspectives in Virology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Antiviral Mechanisms: Perspectives in Virology IX 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Invited Participants 12
Foreword 24
Preface 30
Welcome 32
CHAPTER 1. Perspectives in Virology: Vaticinations 34
Text 34
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 2. Detection and Identification by Immune Electron Microscopy of Fastidious Agents Associated with Respiratory Illness, 
42 
I. INTRODUCTION 42
II. DETECTION OF RHINOVIRUSES 44
III. DETECTION OF CORONAVIRUS STRAIN 692 47
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF AN AGENT ASSOCIATED WITH 
52 
V. IDENTIFICATION OF AN AGENT 
66 
VI. CONCLUSION 73
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 75
REFERENCES 75
DISCUSSION 78
CHAPTER 3. Current Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Its Implications for Immunoprophylaxis 82
I. INTRODUCTION 82
II. NOMENCLATURE 82
III. TESTS FOR HBs Ag and anti-HBs 83
IV. EPIDEMIOLOGY 83
V. ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY OF HBs Ag 87
VI. NATURE OF HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS 89
VII. STUDIES OF HEPATITIS TYPE B IN NONHUMAN 
94 
VIII. PROSPECTS FOR IMMUNIZATION AGAINST 
96 
IX. CONCLUSION 99
REFERENCES 100
DISCUSSION 104
CHAPTER 4. Defective Interfering Particles 
110 
I. INTRODUCTION 110
II. CONTINUOUS INFECTION OF CELLS BY VESICULAR 
111 
III. NUCLEOCAPSID ACCUMULATION 113
IV. MOLECULAR BASIS OF INTERFERENCE 115
V. DISCUSSION 119
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 121
REFERENCES 121
DISCUSSION 122
CHAPTER 5. Synthetic Vaccines of the Future 124
I. INTRODUCTION 124
II. SPECIFICITY DETERMINANTS 125
III. ANTIGENIC COMPETITION 125
IV. SYNTHETIC ANTIGENS AND ROLE OF CONFORMATION 126
V. SYNTHETIC ANTIGENS CROSS-REACTIVE WITH 
127 
VI. GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE 128
VII. BUILT-IN ADJUVANTICITY 129
VIII. VACCINE SPECIFICITIES? 129
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 130
REFERENCES 131
CHAPTER 6. Inhibition of Viral Neuraminidase As a New Approach to the 
132 
I. INTRODUCTION 132
II. COMPARISON OF ANTIHEMAGGLUTININ AND 
134 
III. MECHANISMS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS SUPPRESSION 137
REFERENCES 145
DISCUSSION 145
CHAPTER 7. Cellular Immune Response 
148 
I. INTRODUCTION 148
II. DIFFERENT ROUTES OF SPREAD OF VIRUS INFECTION 149
III. IMMUNE MECHANISMS PREVENTING TYPE II SPREAD 149
IV. CONCLUSION 161
REFERENCES 163
DISCUSSION 163
CHAPTER 8. Transfer Factor and Cellular Immunity 
168 
I. INTRODUCTION 168
II. TRANSFER FACTOR IN THE INITIATION AND 
169 
III. IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH TRANSFER FACTOR (TFD) 172
REFERENCES 182
DISCUSSION 184
CHAPTER 9. Immunological Evidence for a Viral Etiology of Certain 
186 
I. INTRODUCTION 186
II. ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN IMMUNOLOGY 186
III. RELATION OF T-CELL DEFICIENCY TO CANCER 
188 
IV. CLINICAL TESTS OF TRANSFER FACTOR 189
V. COMBINED EFFECT OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND 
190 
REFERENCES 192
DISCUSSION 193
CHAPTER 10. Genetic Transmission 
198 
I. INTRODUCTION 198
II. REPLICATION OF RNA TUMOR VIRUSES 200
III. CONGENITAL INFECTION AND GENETIC TRANSMISSION 202
IV. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC TRANSMISSION 204
V. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION AND HOST ANTIVIRAL 
208 
VI. GENETIC CONTROL OF ENDOGENOUS 
213 
VII. 
223 
VIII. INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED GENES 225
IX. EPILOGUE 232
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 233
REFERENCES 233
DISCUSSION 236
CHAPTER 11. Type C Virus Inhibitor Associated with Cells Cultivated 
240 
I. INTRODUCTION 240
II. BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 
241 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 247
REFERENCES 247
DISCUSSION 247
CHAPTER 12. Inhibition of Rous Sarcoma Virus Replication by Inhibitors 
248 
I. INTRODUCTION 248
II. ABSENCE OF VIRAL ANTIGENS IN ROUS SARCOMA 
250 
III. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS 252
IV. APPEARANCE OF VIRUS RNA IN ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS-INFECTED STATIONARY CHICKEN EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS AFTER STIMULATION WITH 
254 
V. ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS PRODUCTION IN CHICKEN 
260 
VI. A MODEL FOR THE REPLICATION OF ROUS 
261 
VII. SUMMARY 262
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 262
REFERENCES 263
DISCUSSION 263
CHAPTER 13. Mechanism of Interferon-Induced Block 
266 
I. INTRODUCTION 266
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 267
III. RESULTS 268
IV. CONCLUSIONS 278
REFERENCES 279
DISCUSSION 280
CHAPTER 14. Clinical Utilization of Exogenous 
282 
I. INTRODUCTION 282
II. PRIOR STUDIES WITH EXOGENOUS INTERFERON IN 
284 
III. PRESENT STUDIES OF VARICELLA ZOSTER INFECTIONS 
290 
IV. PERSPECTIVES FOR EXOGENOUS INTERFERON 295
REFERENCES 297
DISCUSSION 298
CHAPTER 15. 
302 
I. CELL SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF INTERFERON 302
II. INDUCTION OF ANTIVIRAL STATE BY INTERFERON 305
III. CONCLUSION 308
REFERENCES 310
CHAPTER 16. Inhibition of Enveloped Viruses in a Model 
312 
I. INTRODUCTION 312
II. THE PHENOMENON OF VIRAL LIPEMIA 313
III. SPECIFICITY OF LIPEMIA 313
IV. MECHANISM OF LIPEMIA 315
V. ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS 321
VI. IMPLICATIONS AND DISCUSSION 324
VII. SUMMARY 324
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 325
REFERENCES 325
DISCUSSION 326
CHAPTER 17. Photodynamic Inactivation of Herpesvirus 330
I. INTRODUCTION 330
II. PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF VIRUS WITH DYE 330
III. DYE-LIGHT THERAPY OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS 335
REFERENCES 345
DISCUSSION 345
CHAPTER 18. Studies on Adenine Arabinoside—A Model for Antiviral 
348 
I. INTRODUCTION 348
II. EARLY INVESTIGATIONS OF ARA-A AND ANALOGS 349
III. TREATMENT OF HERPETIC INFECTIONS WITH ARA-A 356
IV. TREATMENT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS WITH ARA-A 361
V. THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ARA-A 363
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 364
REFERENCES 365
DISCUSSION 365
CHAPTER 19. Epilogue 370
Text 370
Subject Index 372