Fusarium (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pahtogenicity 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Metabolites oiFusarium 14
GENERAL REFERENCES 15
PIGMENTS (1-30 ) 15
REFERENCES 21
ANTIBIOTICS (1-16 ) 23
REFERENCES 25
TRICHOTHECENES (1-48 ) 26
REFERENCES 36
ZEARALENON E DERIVATIVE S (1-12 ) 38
REFERENCES 40
MYCOTOXINS (1-12 ) 41
REFERENCES 44
PHYTOTOXINS (1-7 ) 45
REFERENCES 45
MISCELLANEOUS (1-36 ) 46
REFERENCES 51
Chapter 2. Fusarin C 54
1. INTRODUCTION 54
2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FUSARIN C 54
3. RELATED METABOLITES 56
4. TOXICOLOGY 57
5. PRODUCTION OF FUSARIN C 60
6. BIOSYNTHESIS 62
7. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 62
8. NATURAL OCCURRENCE 63
REFERENCES 64
Chapter 3. Mycotoxins associated with corn cob fusariosis 66
INTRODUCTION 66
SYMPTOMS OF CORN COB FUSARIOSI S AND INVOLVED SPECIE S 67
MYCOTOXINS PRESENT I N INFECTE D COBS 71
OUTLOOK 72
REFERENCES 73
Chapter 4. Formation of mycotoxins produced by Fusaria in heads of wheat, triticale and rye 76
INTRODUCTION 76
1. SYMPTOMS 77
2. PATHOGENS 83
3. MYCOTOXINS 86
4. SIMPLIFIE D METHOD T O PREDICT CONTAMINATION OF SMALL GRAIN CEREALS WIT H VOMITOXI N 89
OUTLOOK 93
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 5. Fusanum species and their mycotoxins in infected cereals in the field and in stored grains 98
1. INTRODUCTION 98
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100
3. SURVEYS AND RESULTS 106
4. REFERENCES 128
Chapter 6. Application oiArtemia salina L. bioassay for screening of Fusaria toxins 134
Introduction 134
A Sample preparation 135
B Breeding of the Artemia salina L. larvae 135
C Procedure 137
Results 139
Discussion 141
References 142
Acknowledgment 143
Chapter 7. Trichothecene poisonings on fish 144
1. INTRODUCTION 144
2. EXPERIMENTAL FUSARIUM MYCOTOXICOSES ON FIS H 144
3 A N EPIDEMI C LIKEL Y CAUSED B Y TRICHOTHECENES 147
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 8. Metabolism of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol by farm animals 152
INTRODUCTION 152
T-2 TOXIN 153
DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL 165
DEOXYNIVALENOL 170
CONCLUSIONS 173
LITERATURE CITED 175
Chapter 9. Metabolism of zearalenone in farm animals 180
INTRODUCTION 180
COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF ZEARALENONE 183
OUTLOOK 188
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 10. Identification of Fusaria occurring in Europe on cereals and potatoes 192
TABLE 1 Fusaria occurring in Europe 193
TABLE 2 Key to the sections 200
TABLE 3 Synoptic key to the species 201
TABLE 4 Dichotomous key to the species 203
REFERENCES 206
Chapter 11. Taxonomy and nomenclature of Microdochium nivale (Fusarium nivale) 208
REFERENCES 211
Chapter 12. Fusarium species and their specific profiles of secondary metabolites 212
I. INTRODUCTION 212
II. PROFILE S O F SECONDARY METABOLITES WITHI N FUSARIUM 213
III. PERSPECTIVES O N SECONDARY METABOLITES A S TAXONOMIC CRITERI A WITHI N TH E GENUS FUSARIUM. 228
ACKNOWLEDGMENT S 232
IV. REFERENCES 232
Chapter 13. Growth regulators formed by Fusaria: their significance for fungus growth, sporulation and pathogenicity towards the host plant 240
1. TH E SYNTHESIS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS B Y FUSARIA 240
2. THE EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON MYCELIUM GROWTH 244
3. THE EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SP0RULATI0N 247
4. THE EFFECT OF GROWT REGULATORS ON SPORE GERMINATION 248
5- PHYTOHORMONE CHANGES IN PLANTS INFECTED WITH FUSA& Ifi
6. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS 251
CONCLUSIONS 252
REFERENCES 252
Chapter 14. The role of cutinase and cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Fusaria in pathogenesis 256
CUTINASE 256
ENZYMES DEGRADING CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDE COMPONENTS 257
PROTEASES 264
OUTLOOK 264
REFERENCES 265
Chapter 15. Phytotoxicity of Fusarium metabolites in relation to pathogenicity 270
PHYTOTOXICITY OF FUSARIUM CULTURE EXTRACTS 270
PHYTOTOXICITY OF TRICHOTHECENES AND ZEARALENONE 271
THE ROLES OF FUSARIUM METABOLITES I N PATHOGENESIS 275
OUTLOOK 278
REFERENCES 278
Chapter 16. Epidemiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) scab caused by Fusarium spp. 282
Overview of the Disease and the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol 282
Scab Control and Reduction of DON Levels by Cultural Practices 285
Reducing Levels of DON by Post-Harvest Practices 290
Literature Cited 291
Chapter 17. Fusarium diseases of wheat and triticale in some regions of Eastern Europe 296
References 305
Chapter 18. Maize diseases caused by Fusaria: involved species and mycotoxins 310
Introduction 310
1. Taxonomy of Fusarium species 310
2. Seedling infection 312
3. Root infection 314
4. Stalk rot 318
5. Cob rot 323
6. Toxin production by Fusarium species 325
Literature 328
Chapter 19. Epidemiology of corn (Zea mays L.) ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. 332
Species 332
Mycotoxins 333
Isolates 333
Inoculum 334
Host Susceptibility 334
Disease Development 335
Control 336
Fungicides 336
Cultivars 336
Agronomic Practices 337
Outlook 338
Literature Cited 338
Chapter 20. Fusaria as pathogens of cereal seedlings 342
INTRODUCTION 342
SYMPTOMS ON SEEDLINGS 343
ECOLOGY OF SEEDLINGS' PATHOGENS 348
PATHOGENICITY OF FUSARI A TOWARDS SEEDLINGS 351
OUTLOOK 361
REFERENCES 362
Chapter 21. Progress in breeding of wheat and corn genotypes not susceptible to infection by Fusaria 370
Possibilities for control 370
Prevention: Resistant genotypes ? 371
Progress in breeding wheat for head blig t resistance 373
Progress in breeding for resistance to fusariosis in corn 386
Conclusions 391
Literature 392
Chapter 22. Fusaria as hyperparasites of Claviceps species 400
INTRODUCTION 400
FUSARIUM HYPERPARASITES 401
PATHOGENICITY OF ERGOT FUSARIA TO PLANTS 403
MECHANISM OF ERGOT PARASITISM BY FUSARIA 404
DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF ERGOT FUNGI TO PARASITISM 406
PRODUCTION OF TOXINS BY F. HETEROSPORUM 407
CONCLUSIONS 407
REFERENCES 408
Chapter 23. Fate of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals during food processing and methods for their detoxification 412
1. INTRODUCTION 412
2. CHEMICAL STABILITY 413
3. PROCESSING 416
4. DECONTAMINATION 426
REFERENCES 429
Chapter 24. Fusaria as pathogens of potato tubers and their pathogenicity 434
Fusarium species pathogenic to potatoes 434
WOLLENWEBER and REINKING presented four common pathogens: Fusarium 434
Occurrence of Fusarium species 436
Variation in the pathogenecity of the fungi 438
Variation in tuber resistance 440
REFERENCES 442
Chapter 25. Toxinogenicity of Fusarium species causing dry rot of potato tubers 448
INTRODUCTION 448
MYCOTOXINS PRODUCED B Y PATHOGENS OF POTATO TUBERS 448
OUTLOOK 452
REFERENCES 452
Chapter 26. Contamination of cereals and feed with Fusarium mycotoxins in European countries 454
INTRODUCTION 454
OCCURRENCE OF TYPE A - TRICHOTHECENES 455
OCCURRENCE OF TYPE B - TRICHOTHECENES 462
OCCURRENCE OF ZEARALENONE 471
CO-OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS 478
CONCLUDING REMARKS 479
Acknowledgement 480
REFERENCES 481
Glossary 486
Subject Index 498