Radiological Monitoring of the Environment (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radiological Monitoring of the Environment 4
Copyright Page 5
FOREWORD 6
PREFACE 8
Table of Contents 10
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 14
PART 1 18
SESSION I 20
CHAPTER 1. RADIOACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND ITS ASSESSMENT BY ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY 22
1. INTRODUCTION 22
2. BASIS OF RADIATION PROTECTION CRITERIA 22
3. CRITICAL NUCLIDES AND CRITICAL FOODS 25
4. ORGANIZATION OF SURVEY 27
REFERENCES 29
ADDENDUM 29
CHAPTER 2. THE MONITORING OF ARTIFICIAL -RADIO -ACTIVITY IN WATERS ROUND THE BRITISH ISLES 30
INTRODUCTION 30
FALLOUT 30
SEAWEED 31
SEDIMENTS 36
FALLOUT AND DISPOSALS 37
LIMITATION OF DISPOSALS 39
TRENDS IN MONITORING 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 44
REFERENCES 44
SESSION II 46
CHAPTER 3. DERIVED " MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS" USED IN NEIGHBOURHOOD AND WORKING ENVIRONMENT SURVEYS 48
1. OBJECTIVES OF MEASUREMENTS 48
2. INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS 48
3. THE CALCULATION OF DERIVED WORKING LIMITS 50
4. SUMMARY OF DERIVED WORKING LIMITS 52
5. CONCLUSIONS 52
REFERENCES 54
SESSION III 56
CHAPPTER 4. SAMPLING FOR LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF AIRBORNE ACTIVITY 58
1. INTRODUCTION 58
2. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF AEROSOLS 59
3. DESCRIPTION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR 60
4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE 62
5. RADIOACTIVE ASSAY 63
6. DISCUSSION 65
REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 5. CONTINUOUS SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE ACTIVITY 68
ABSTRACT 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. GENERAL 68
3. SAMPLING FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION 69
5. INSTRUMENTATION FOR CONTINUOUS SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT 75
6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 85
REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 8. GASEOUS EFFLUENT MONITORING AT CEGB NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS 112
INTRODUCTION 112
MONITORING OF SHIELD COOLING AIR 113
CHAPTER 6. REPRESENTATIVENESS OF AIR SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATES 88
ABSTRACT 88
1. INTRODUCTION 89
2. LOCATION OF SAMPLER 90
3. DOMINANT PARTICLES 93
4. RANDOM SAMPLES 95
5. RESPIRABLE PARTICLES 96
6. SELF-ABSORPTION IN PARTICLES 98
7. SUMMARY 99
REFERENCES 100
CHAPTER 7. THE MONITORING OF URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM DUST HAZARDS 104
ABSTRACT 104
1. INTRODUCTION 104
2. DETECTION OF THE HAZARD 105
3. CONTAMINATION MONITORS 106
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 110
REFERENCES 110
SESSION IV 122
CHAPTER 9. PROBLEMS IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF OPTIMAL RADIATION LEVELS IN HOSPITAL PRACTICE 124
DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENTS 126
SEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 128
UNSEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 129
REFERENCES 130
CHAPTER 11. CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE SURVEY OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT AT THE WANTAGE RESEARCH LABORATORY 142
LARGE SEALED SOURCES 142
SMALLER SEALED AND UNSEALED SOURCES 143
ISOTOPE SCHOOL 144
HEALTH PHYSICS ASPECTS 144
CONCLUSION 147
CHAPTER 17. THE USE OF GEIGER-MULLER TUBES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF X- AND GAMMA-RADIATION UP TO 1 MEV 206
INTRODUCTION 206
THE ENERGY RESPONSE OF GEIGER-MULLER TUBES 207
DOSE-RATE RESPONSE 213
TOTAL DOSE MEASUREMENTS 213
VERY HIGH DOSE RATES 213
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 215
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 217
REFERENCES 218
CHAPTER 10. RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES 132
RESPONSIBILITIES 132
LABORATORY GRADINGS 133
FREQUENCY OF LABORATORY SURVEYS 135
SURVEY ROUTINE 135
INSTRUMENT BANK 137
RADIATION SERVICES LABORATORIES 138
CONCLUSION 139
REFERENCES 140
CHAPTER 18. RADIATION SAFETY PROBLEMS IN A LARGE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMPANY 220
ABSTRACT 220
INTRODUCTION 220
ADMINISTRATION OF PROTECTION SERVICE 221
CONCLUSION 233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234
REFERENCES 234
CHAPTER 12. CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE SURVEY OF WORKING ENVIRONMENTS AT AEE, WINFRITH 150
1. INTRODUCTION 150
2. TYPES OF AREA AND PLANT 150
3. OBJECTS AND TYPES OF SURVEY 151
4. DIRECT RADIATION MEASUREMENTS 152
5. SURFACE CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENTS 153
6. AIR CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENTS 154
CHAPTER 13. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE OPERATION OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION 156
1. INTRODUCTION 156
2. FILM BADGE SERVICE AND RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL 158
3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 158
4. CONCLUSION 176
REFERENCE 176
CHAPTER 14. THE SURVEY OF WORKING ENVIRONMENTS IN INDUSTRY—RPS EXPERIENCE 180
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 188
CHAPTER 15. SOME APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES IN THE UNILEVER RESEARCH LABORATORY, PORT SUNLIGHT 190
INTRODUCTION 190
A. TYPICAL INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED OUT IN LABORATORY 190
B. TYPICAL INVESTIGATIONS UNDERTAKEN OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY 194
C. MONITORING AND "GOOD HOUSEKEEPING" TECHNIQUES 195
CHAPTER 16. ASPECTS OF X-RADIATION MONITORING TECHNIQUES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 198
1. INTRODUCTION 198
2. GENERATION OF X-RADIATION 199
3. RADIATION FIELDS 201
4. MEASUREMENTS 202
5. CONCLUSION 204
SESSION V 236
CHAPTER 19. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE VICINITY OF WINDSCALE 238
1. INTRODUCTION 238
2. THE NATURE OF THE RADIOACTIVE DISCHARGES 240
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS 242
4. RADIATION EXPOSURE CONSIDERATIONS 242
5. PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS 244
6. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 246
7. INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE DISPERSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIOACTIVITY DISCHARGES 248
8. DIRECT RADIATION MONITORING OF THE SEA-BED 251
9. INVESTIGATION CONCERNING THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVITY BY FISH 252
10. INTERPRETATION OF THE MONITORING DATA 253
11. CONCLUSIONS 260
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 20. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS AROUND RESEARCH REACTORS 268
1. INTRODUCTION 268
2. NORMAL REACTOR OPERATIONS 268
3. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS FOR EMERGENCY SCHEMES 271
4. SURVEY METHODS 274
SUMMARY 276
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 276
REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 21. CEGB DISTRICT SURVEY 278
1. REASONS FOR A DISTRICT SURVEY 278
2. THE PRESENT PATTERN OF DISTRICT SURVEY 280
3. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 283
4. FUTURE PATTERN OF DISTRICT SURVEY 285
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 285
CHAPTER 22. ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS AT THE CEGB'S CENTRAL RADIOCHEMICAL LABORATORY 286
ABSTRACT 286
INTRODUCTION 286
DISTRICT SURVEY PROCEDURES 289
ANALYTICAL METHODS 290
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 296
RESULTS OF MILK ANALYSIS 297
DISCUSSION 303
REFERENCES 306
CHAPTER 23. THE PRE-OPERATIONAL DISTRICT SURVEY AT HUNTERSTON 308
1. THE DISTRICT 308
2. THE SURVEY 309
3. TRANSPORT 314
4. DISCUSSION 315
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 315
CHAPTER 24. THE GEC DISTRICT SURVEY OF THE HUNTERSTON AREA 324
1. INTRODUCTION 324
2. BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 324
3. RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS 325
4. RESULTS 326
5. DISCUSSION 326
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 327
REFERENCE 327
CHAPTER 25. GAMMA SPECTROMETRY FROM A VEHICLE 332
ABSTRACT 332
1. INTRODUCTION 332
2. APPLICATION TO EMERGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 333
3. APPLICATION TO NORMAL OPERATIONAL MONITORING 334
4. EQUIPMENT 334
5. FIELD TESTS 337
CONCLUSIONS 347
REFERENCES 348
APPENDIX A 348
REFERENCES 350
CHAPTER 26. AN ALTERNATIVE TO DISTRICT SURVEY SAMPLING 352
1. INTRODUCTION 352
2. PLANT DESIGN 353
3. MONITORING 354
4. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE 356
5. CONCLUSIONS 357
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 357
REFERENCES 357
CHAPTER 27. RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF HOSPITALS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT 358
REFERENCES 361
PART 2 362
SESSION I 364
CHAPTER 28. RADIOACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND ITS ASSESSMENT BY ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY 366
SESSION II 382
CHAPTER 30. DERIVED MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS USED IN NEIGHBOURHOOD AND WORKING ENVIRONMENT SURVEYS 384
DISCUSSION 388
SESSION III 392
CHAPTER 31. RECENT ADVANCES IN MONITORING FOR AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY 394
REFERENCE 403
DISCUSSION 404
SESSION IV 412
CHAPTER 32. CURRRENT PRACTICE IN THE SURVEY OF WORKING ENVIRONMENTS 414
DISCUSSION 423
SESSION V 430
CHAPTER 33. CURRENT PRACTICE IN NEIGHBOURHOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES THERETO 432
DISCUSSION 437
CHAPTER 34. THE MONITORING OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY IN WATERS ROUND THE BRITISH ISLES 369
DISCUSSION 376