Neurobehavioral Methods and Effects in Occupational and Environmental Health (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Neurobehavioral Methods and Effects in Occupational and Environmental Health 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors 16
Foreword 32
Part I: Keynote Articles 34
Chapter 1. An International Perspective in Neurobehavioral 
36 
OPENING REMARKS 36
INTRODUCTION 36
SCOPE AND MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM 37
PUBLIC HEALTH NEEDS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 40
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF 
40 
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY 41
CONCLUDING REMARKS 42
Chapter 2. Assessing the 
44 
INTRODUCTION 44
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED METHODOLOGY 
45 
COLLABORATIVE STUDY ON NEUROBEHAVIORAL TESTS 46
DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY 48
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES FOR NEUROTOXICITY TESTING 48
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 52
REFERENCES 53
Chapter 3. EURONEST: A Concerted Action of the European Community 
56 
INTRODUCTION 56
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ON THE 
57 
STRUCTURE AND AIMS OF THE CONCERTED ACTION 59
STUDY PROTOCOL 60
CRITERIA FOR THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF PSYCHOORGANIC 
62 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 63
REFERENCES 63
Chapter 4. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Minamata 
66 
INTRODUCTION 66
QUANTITATIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE 66
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INFORMATION 70
IDENTIFICATION OF EACH SYMPTOM 70
CLINICAL COURSE 75
OTHER NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 75
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF MINAMATA DISEASE 75
INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER ORGANS 76
CONGENITAL MINAMATA DISEASE 76
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 77
REFERENCES 78
Chapter 5. Workplace Strategies for the Control of Work-Related 
80 
INTRODUCTION 80
STRUCTURE FOR PARTICIPATORY PROGRAMS 81
PRACTICAL METHODS OF RISK ASSESSMENT 82
TOWARD PRACTICAL IMPROVEMENTS AND TRAINING 84
CONCLUSIONS 85
REFERENCES 85
Chapter 6. REVIEW Occupational Health Issues in Developing 
88 
REFERENCES 92
Part II: The Hänninen Lecture 94
Chapter 7. Neurobehavioral Toxicology in the 21st Century: A Future or 
96 
INTRODUCTION 96
PURPOSES OF THE PAPER 97
TEN SIGNIFICANT NEUROTOXICOLOGIC CONTRIBUTIONS 97
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 101
SUMMARY 104
REFERENCES 105
Part III: Neurobehavioral 
108 
Chapter 8. Comparison of Performance from Three Continents on the 
110 
INTRODUCTION 110
MATERIALS AND METHODS 113
RESULTS 117
DISCUSSION 122
CONCLUSIONS 129
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 130
REFERENCES 130
Chapter 9. Individual-Administered Human Behavioral Test Batteries 
134 
INTRODUCTION 134
DISCUSSION 143
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 144
REFERENCES 144
Chapter 10. Covariates of Computerized Neurobehavioral Test 
148 
INTRODUCTION 148
METHODS 149
RESULTS 151
DISCUSSION 152
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 154
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 155
REFERENCES 155
Chapter 11. Prevalence of Abnormal Neurobehavioral Scores in Populations Exposed to Different Industrial Chemicals 158
INTRODUCTION 158
MATERIAL AND METHODS 159
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 159
CONCLUSIONS 162
REFERENCES 163
Chapter 12. Psychological Effects of Low Exposure to Mercury Vapor: Application of a Computer-Administered Neurobehavioral 
166 
INTRODUCTION 166
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 167
RESULTS 169
DISCUSSION 171
REFERENCES 172
Chapter 13. Subjective Symptoms and Neurobehavioral Performances of 
174 
INTRODUCTION 174
METHODS 175
RESULTS 178
DISCUSSION 182
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 186
REFERENCES 186
Chapter 14. Neurobehavioral Effects in Occupational Chemical 
188 
INTRODUCTION 188
MATERIAL AND METHODS 188
RESULTS 190
DISCUSSION 192
CONCLUSIONS 193
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 194
REFERENCES 194
Chapter 15. Neuropsychological Assessment of Organic Solvent Effects in 
196 
INTRODUCTION 196
METHOD 197
SUBJECTS 198
MATERIALS 198
TRANSLATION AND TESTER TRAINING 199
PROCEDURE 199
RESULTS 201
DISCUSSION 205
CONCLUSIONS 208
APPENDIX: THE RATIONALE FOR TEST ADAPTATION AND MODIFIED 
208 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 211
REFERENCES 212
Chapter 16. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Neurobehavioral Effects of 
214 
INTRODUCTION 214
METHODS 215
RESULTS 219
DISCUSSION 219
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 223
REFERENCES 223
Chapter 17. Neurobehavioral Effects of Chronic Occupational Exposure to 
226 
INTRODUCTION 226
METHODS 227
RESULTS 229
DISCUSSION 232
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 235
REFERENCES 236
Chapter 18. Human Experimental MIBK Exposure: Effects on Heart Rate, 
238 
INTRODUCTION 238
MATERIALS AND METHODS 239
RESULTS 241
DISCUSSION 241
CONCLUSION 244
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 244
REFERENCES 244
Chapter 19. Carbon Disulfide and the Central Nervous System: A 15-Year 
246 
INTRODUCTION 246
REVIEW OF THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY IN THE 
247 
DISCUSSION 253
REFERENCES 256
Chapter 20. Adaptation of the WHO NCTB for Use in Poland for Detection 
258 
INTRODUCTION 258
METHODS 259
RESULTS 259
CONCLUSIONS 265
REFERENCES 265
Chapter 21. Neuropsychological Effects of Chronic Exposure 
266 
INTRODUCTION 266
MATERIALS AND METHODS 267
RESULTS 269
DISCUSSION 273
CONCLUSIONS 275
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 275
REFERENCES 276
Part IV: Neurophysiology 278
Chapter 22. The Use of Visual and Chemosensory Evoked Potentials in 
280 
INTRODUCTION 280
VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS (VEP) 280
CHEMOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS 286
SUMMARY 290
REFERENCES 290
Chapter 23. Determination of Evoked Potentials in Occupational and 
294 
INTRODUCTION 294
SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS 295
VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL 297
AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS 299
EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL (P300) 301
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 303
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 304
REFERENCES 304
Chapter 24. Nd and P300 in Healthy 
310 
INTRODUCTION 310
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 311
RESULTS 312
DISCUSSION 314
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 315
REFERENCES 315
Chapter 25. International Comparison of Odor Threshold Values of Several 
316 
INTRODUCTION 316
MATERIALS AND METHODS 317
RESULTS 318
DISCUSSION 320
CONCLUSION 320
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 320
REFERENCES 320
Chapter 26. A Reproducible Trigger for the Measurement of Trigeminal 
322 
INTRODUCTION 322
MATERIALS AND METHODS 322
RESULTS 323
DISCUSSION 324
REFERENCES 325
Chapter 27. Assessment of Sympathetic Nerve Activity Controlling Blood 
326 
INTRODUCTION 326
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 326
RESULTS 327
DISCUSSION 328
REFERENCES 329
Chapter 28. Vibrotactile Threshold Testing in Occupational Health: 
332 
INTRODUCTION 332
CRITIQUE OF THE LITERATURE 336
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 343
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 344
REFERENCES 344
Chapter 29. Assessment of the Effects of Occupational and Environmental Factors 
348 
INTRODUCTION 348
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 349
RESULTS 349
DISCUSSION 351
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 354
REFERENCES 354
Chapter 30. Assessment of Central, Peripheral, and Autonomie Nervous 
356 
INTRODUCTION 356
SUBJECTS 357
METHODS 358
RESULTS 360
DISCUSSION 364
CONCLUSION 366
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 366
REFERENCES 366
Chapter 31. Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurophysiological 
370 
INTRODUCTION 370
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 371
RESULTS 373
DISCUSSION 375
CONCLUSIONS 378
REFERENCES 378
Chapter 32. Relations between Lead Exposure and Peripheral 
380 
INTRODUCTION 380
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 381
RESULTS 382
DISCUSSION 384
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 387
REFERENCES 387
Chapter 33. Radial and Median Nerve Conduction Velocities in Workers Exposed to Lead, Copper, and Zinc: A Follow-Up 
390 
INTRODUCTION 390
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 391
RESULTS 393
DISCUSSION 394
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 397
REFERENCES 397
Chapter 34. Are Faster or Slower Large Myelinated Nerve Fibers More 
400 
INTRODUCTION 400
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 401
RESULTS 402
DISCUSSION 402
REFERENCES 404
Chapter 35. Measurement of Vibratory Perception Threshold (VPT) in 
406 
INTRODUCTION 406
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 406
RESULTS 407
DISCUSSION 407
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 410
REFERENCES 410
Chapter 
412 
INTRODUCTION 412
MATERIALS AND METHODS 413
RESULTS 415
DISCUSSION 417
CONCLUSIONS 419
REFERENCES 419
Chapter 37. Assessment of the Distribution of Nerve Conduction Velocities in Alcoholics 422
INTRODUCTION 422
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 423
RESULTS 425
DISCUSSION 425
REFERENCES 426
Chapter 38. Assessment of Central, Peripheral, and Autonomie Nervous System Functions in Vibrating Tool Operators: Neuroelectrophysiological Studies 428
INTRODUCTION 428
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 429
RESULTS 431
DISCUSSION 435
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 437
REFERENCES 437
Chapter 39. Effect of Some Factors on Sleep Polygraphie Parameters and Subjective Evaluations of Sleep 440
INTRODUCTION 440
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 441
RESULTS 443
DISCUSSION 444
CONCLUSIONS 449
REFERENCES 450
Chapter 40. Relationship between Subjective Sleep Rating and Objective Sleep Parameters: A Case Study 452
INTRODUCTION 452
MATERIALS AND METHODS 453
RESULTS 454
DISCUSSION 454
CONCLUSIONS 458
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 459
REFERENCES 459
Chapter 41. Evaluation of the Critical Value of Driving Fatigue Based on the Fuzzy Sets Theory 462
INTRODUCTION 462
MATERIALS AND METHODS 463
RESULTS 464
DISCUSSION 467
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 468
REFERENCES 468
Part V: Neuroimaging 470
Chapter 42. Brain Imaging Techniques Applied to Chronically Solvent-Exposed Workers: Current Results and Clinical Evaluation 472
INTRODUCTION 472
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 474
RESULTS 475
DISCUSSION 477
CONCLUSION 480
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 480
REFERENCES 480
Chapter 43. Three-Dimensional Brain Metabolic Imaging in Patients with Toxic Encephalopathy 484
INTRODUCTION 484
MATERIALS AND METHODS 486
RESULTS 500
DISCUSSION 501
CONCLUSION 506
REFERENCES 507
Chapter 44. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Neurobehavioral Testing, and Toxic Encephalopathy: Two Cases 510
INTRODUCTION 510
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 511
RESULTS 513
DISCUSSION 514
REFERENCES 514
Chapter 45. Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Phosphorus-31 NMR Studies on the Rat Brain Intoxicated with Methyl Mercury 518
INTRODUCTION 518
MATERIALS AND METHODS 519
RESULTS 520
DISCUSSION 522
REFERENCES 524
Part VI: Biochemical Markers 526
Chapter 46. Neurochemical Approaches to Developing Biochemical Markers of Neurotoxicity: Review of Current Status and Evaluation of Future Prospects 528
INTRODUCTION 528
GENERAL BACKGROUND ON NEUROCHEMISTRY 
530 
PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING NEUROCHEMICAL MARKERS 
533 
CURRENT METHODS IN NEUROCHEMICAL MARKERS 535
NEUROCHEMICAL MARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY 536
PROSPECTS FOR ADVANCES IN NEUROCHEMICAL MARKERS 537
CONCLUSIONS 539
REFERENCES 539
Chapter 47. Nerve-Specific Marker Proteins as Indicators of Organic Solvent Neurotoxicity 542
INTRODUCTION 542
MATERIALS AND METHODS 543
RESULTS 544
DISCUSSION 545
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 546
REFERENCES 547
Part VII: Neurotoxic and 
548 
Chapter 48. Neurologic Diseases Associated with Use of Plant Components with Toxic Potential 550
INTRODUCTION 550
LATHYRISM 551
CASSAVISM 552
TOXIC DYSTONIA 553
WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D 554
IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH 556
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 556
REFERENCES 556
Chapter 49. Significance of Subclinical Entrapment of Nerves in Lead Neuropathy 558
INTRODUCTION 558
CASE REPORT 558
DISCUSSION 561
REFERENCES 563
Chapter 50. Neurobehavioral Effects of Intrauterine Mercury Exposure: Potential Sources of Bias 564
INTRODUCTION 564
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 565
RESULTS 565
DISCUSSION 569
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 570
REFERENCES 570
Chapter 51. Profile of Subjective Complaints and Activities of Daily Living among Current Patients with Minamata Disease after 3 Decades 572
INTRODUCTION 572
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 573
RESULTS 574
DISCUSSION 578
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 581
REFERENCES 581
Chapter 52. Dose-Dependent Increase in Subjective Symptoms among Toluene-Exposed Workers 584
INTRODUCTION 584
MATERIALS AND METHODS 585
RESULTS 586
DISCUSSION 593
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 597
REFERENCES 597
Chapter 53. n-Hexane Polyneuropathy in Japan: A Review of n-Hexane Poisoning and Its Preventive Measures 600
INTRODUCTION 600
CASE STUDIES 600
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS 601
FIELD SURVEYS 601
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV) 602
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING 602
CONCLUSIONS 603
REFERENCES 603
Chapter 54. Neurotoxic Syndromes and Occupational Exposure to Solvents 606
INTRODUCTION 606
NEUROTOXIC SOLVENTS 607
EXPOSURE AT WORKPLACES 607
NEUROTOXICITY OF SOLVENTS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 607
SOME EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS 608
CLINICAL ASPECTS 610
CONCLUDING REMARKS 613
REFERENCES 614
Chapter 55. Neurobehavioural Effects of Solvents: The Role of Alcohol 620
INTRODUCTION 620
REFERENCES 622
Chapter 57. A Prospective Cohort Study of the Chronic Effects of 
624 
INTRODUCTION 624
MATERIALS AND METHODS 625
RESULTS 628
DISCUSSION 634
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 638
REFERENCES 638
Chapter 56. Occupational Diseases Developed as a Result of Severely Injured Nervous System: Acute and Chronic Neurotic Effects 640
INTRODUCTION 640
MATERIALS AND METHODS 640
DISCUSSION 645
CONCLUSIONS 645
REFERENCES 645
Part VII: Psychosocial Factors 646
Chapter 57. Occupation and the Prevalence of Major Depression, Alcohol, and Drug Abuse in the United States 648
METHODS 649
RESULTS 651
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 657
REFERENCES 659
Chapter 58. Work Stress in Japanese Computer Engineers: Effects of Computer Work or Bioeducational Factors 662
INTRODUCTION 662
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 663
RESULTS 667
DISCUSSION 667
CONCLUSION 669
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 669
REFERENCES 669
Chapter 59. Relations of Work Stress to Alcohol Use and Drinking Problems in Male and Female Employees of a Computer Factory in Japan 672
INTRODUCTION 672
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 673
RESULTS 676
DISCUSSION 679
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 680
REFERENCES 681
Chapter 60. Depressive States in Workers Using Computers 684
INTRODUCTION 684
CASE REPORTS 685
DISCUSSION 686
CONCLUSIONS 688
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 688
REFERENCES 688
Chapter 61. Relationships between Health Status and Working Conditions and Personalities among VDT Workers 690
INTRODUCTION 690
MATERIALS AND METHODS 691
RESULTS 691
DISCUSSION 695
CONCLUSIONS 696
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 696
REFERENCES 696
Chapter 62. Occupational Influences Relative to the Burnout Phenomenon among Japanese Nursery School Teachers 698
INTRODUCTION 698
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 699
RESULTS 700
DISCUSSION 704
REFERENCES 707
Chapter 63. Multidimensional Assessment of Mental State in Occupational Health Care—Combined Application of Three Questionnaires: Tokyo University Egogram (TEG), Time Structuring Scale (TSS), and Profile of Mood States (POMS 708
INTRODUCTION 708
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 709
RESULTS 710
DISCUSSION 712
CONCLUSION 714
APPENDIX 714
REFERENCES 721
Part IX: Prevention Strategies 722
Chapter 64. Strategies for the Prevention of Environmental Neurotoxic Illness 724
INTRODUCTION 725
SUBCLINICAL NEUROTOXICITY 726
BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 726
NEUROTOXICITY TESTING 727
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND NEUROTOXICOLOGY 728
RISK ASSESSMENT AND NEUROTOXICOLOGY 728
CONCLUSION 729
Chapter 65. The Use of Behavioral and Psychophysiological Methods in the Monitoring of Health at the Worksite 732
INTRODUCTION 732
BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF 
733 
THREE EFFECT DOMAINS 734
EARLY EXPERIENCE WITH THE BEHAVIORAL MEASURES 735
THE SEARCH FOR BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS AT THE WORK PLACE 736
MONITORING HEALTH AT THE WORK PLACE 738
CONCLUDING REMARKS 740
REFERENCES 741
Chapter 66. Research Program for Neurotoxic Disorders and Other Adverse Health Outcomes at Hazardous Chemical Sites in the United States of America 744
INTRODUCTION 744
METHODS 744
IMPLEMENTATION 746
FUTURE PRIORITIES AND INFORMATION NEEDS 747
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 749
REFERENCES 749
Chapter 67. base Programs as a Literature Research Tool for the 1990s Scientist: Surveillance of Neurotoxicology Data 750
INTRODUCTION 750
METHODS AND MATERIALS 750
RESULTS: AN EXAMPLE 752
DISCUSSION 754
REFERENCES 754
Part X: Developing Countries 756
Chapter 68. Factors Influencing the Assessment and Control of Occupational Hazards in Developing Countries 758
INTRODUCTION 758
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 759
CONCLUSION 766
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 767
REFERENCES 767
Chapter 68. A Study on the Neurobehavioral Effects of Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents in Korean Workers 770
INTRODUCTION 770
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 771
RESULTS 772
DISCUSSION 773
REFERENCES 775
Chapter 69. Evaluation of Brain Function in Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning with Multimodality Evoked Potentials 776
INTRODUCTION 776
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 777
RESULTS 778
DISCUSSION 785
CONCLUSIONS 788
REFERENCES 789
Chapter 70. Acute and Chronic Neurological Symptoms among Paint Workers Exposed to Mixtures of Organic Solvents 790
INTRODUCTION 790
MATERIALS AND METHODS 791
RESULTS 793
DISCUSSION 794
REFERENCES 798
Chapter 71. Review of Air Pollution and Its Health Impact in Indonesia 800
INTRODUCTION 800
SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION 801
AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN INDONESIA 801
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES IN INDONESIA 802
HEALTH IMPACTS 803
REFERENCES 804
Chapter 72. Studies on Neurolathyrism 806
INTRODUCTION 806
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 807
RESULTS 811
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 811
REFERENCES 812
Chapter 73. Evaluation and Control of Mercury Vapor Exposure in the Cell House of Chlor Alkali Plants 814
INTRODUCTION 814
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 815
RESULTS 816
DISCUSSION 816
CONCLUSION 817
REFERENCES 817
Chapter 74. A Clinical, Biochemical, Neurobehavioral, and Sociopsychological Study of 190 Patients Admitted to Hospital as a Result of Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning 820
INTRODUCTION 820
MATERIALS AND METHODS 821
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 824
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 826
REFERENCES 826
Chapter 75. Neurobehavioral Changes among Workers in Some Chemical Industries in Egypt 828
INTRODUCTION 828
MATERIALS AND METHODS 829
RESULTS 829
DISCUSSION 830
CONCLUSIONS 833
REFERENCES 833
Chapter 76. Occupational Exposure to Neurotoxicants: Preliminary Survey in Five Industries of the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, Brazil 834
INTRODUCTION 834
NEUROTOXICANTS 834
OCCUPATIONAL RISK SURVEY 837
DISCUSSION 838
REFERENCES 839
Part XI: Animal Studies 842
Chapter 77. Comparison of the Neurotoxicity of Several Chemicals Estimated by the Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity in Rats 844
INTRODUCTION 844
METHODS 844
RESULTS 845
DISCUSSION 847
CONCLUSIONS 849
REFERENCES 849
Chapter 78. Effects of Methyl mercury on Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C in the Mouse Brain 852
INTRODUCTION 852
MATERIALS AND METHODS 853
RESULTS 854
DISCUSSION 856
REFERENCES 860
Chapter 79. Effects of Methyl Mercury in Postnatal Developing Rats 862
INTRODUCTION 862
MATERIALS AND METHODS 862
RESULTS 863
DISCUSSION 864
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 868
REFERENCES 868
Chapter 80. REVIEW Behavioral Approaches to Toluene Intoxication 870
INTRODUCTION 870
BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY 871
BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO TOLUENE TOXICITY 871
CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS 875
REFERENCES 878
Chapter 81. Effects of Toluene Administration on Delayed Matching-to-Sample Performance in the Pigeon 880
INTRODUCTION 880
MATERIALS AND METHODS 881
RESULTS 883
DISCUSSION 886
REFERENCES 888
Chapter 82. Acute Neurobehavioral Effects of Co-inhalation of Toluene and n-Hexane on Schedule-Controlled Behavior in Rats 890
INTRODUCTION 890
MATERIALS AND METHODS 891
RESULTS 892
DISCUSSION 897
REFERENCES 900
Chapter 83. Neurotoxic Effects of 2,5-Hexanedione on Rapidly Growing Unmyelinated Peripheral Nerve Axons of a Rat Fetus: Dose-Effect Relationship 902
INTRODUCTION 902
MATERIALS AND METHODS 902
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 903
RESULTS 903
DISCUSSION 905
CONCLUSION 907
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 908
REFERENCES 908
Chapter 84. Effect of Carbon Tetrachloride on Allylnitrile-lnduced Head Twitching 910
INTRODUCTION 910
MATERIALS AND METHODS 911
RESULTS 912
DISCUSSION 915
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 918
REFERENCES 918
Chapter 85. Axonal Sprouting of Motor Nerve in Acrylamide-lntoxicated Rats with Progressive Weakness 920
INTRODUCTION 920
MATERIALS AND METHODS 920
RESULTS 921
DISCUSSION 925
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 927
REFERENCES 927
Chapter 86. Comparative Study of Modification and Degradation of Neurofilament Proteins in Rats Subchronically Treated with Allyl Chloride, Acrylamide, or 2,5-Hexanedione 930
INTRODUCTION 930
MATERIALS AND METHODS 931
RESULTS 933
DISCUSSION 937
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 939
REFERENCES 939
Chapter 87. Effect of Ethanol on the Development and Maturation of Synapses in the Rat Hippocampus: A Quantitative Electron-Microscopic Study 942
INTRODUCTION 942
MATERIALS AND METHODS 943
RESULTS 944
DISCUSSION 946
REFERENCES 947
Chapter 88. The Effects of Ethanol Exposure on Radial Arm Maze Learning and Behavior of Offspring Rats 950
INTRODUCTION 950
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 951
RESULTS 953
DISCUSSION 956
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 961
REFERENCES 961
Chapter 89. Change in Hen Sciatic Nerve Calcium after a Single Oral Dose of Tri-o-tolyl Phosphate 964
INTRODUCTION 964
MATERIALS AND METHODS 965
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 966
CONCLUSIONS 966
REFERENCES 967
Chapter 90 Polyneuropathy Due to Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, and Butylène Oxide 970
INTRODUCTION 970
HUMAN EtO NEUROPATHY 970
EXPERIMENTAL EtO NEUROPATHY 971
EXPERIMENTAL PpO NEUROPATHY 972
EXPERIMENTAL BtO NEUROPATHY 973
DISCUSSION 973
REFERENCES 974
Chapter 91. Effects of Neurotoxins on Brain Creatine Kinase Activity 976
INTRODUCTION 976
MATERIALS AND METHODS 976
RESULTS 978
DISCUSSION 979
REFERENCES 980
Chapter 92. Effects of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide on Drinking and Eating Behaviors in Mice 982
INTRODUCTION 982
MATERIALS AND METHODS 983
RESULTS 985
DISCUSSION 992
REFERENCES 997
Part XII: Workshop Reports 1000
Chapter 93. WHO NCTB and Other Neurobehavioral Test Batteries 1002
REFERENCE 1004
Chapter 94. Computerized Test Batteries 1006
SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP DISCUSSION 1006
RECOMMENDATIONS 1007
REFERENCES 1007
Chapter 95. Evoked Potentials 1008
I. CHEMOSENSORY-EVOKED POTENTIAL METHODOLOGY (CSEP) 1008
VI. MAGNETIC STIMULATION METHOD OF MOTOR CORTEX 1009
REFERENCES 1009
Chapter 96. Neuroimaging Methods 1010
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1011
REFERENCES 1012
Chapter 97. Biochemical Methods in Neurobehavioral Toxicology 1014
Chapter 98. Neurotoxic Diseases 1016
SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSION 1016
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1017
Chapter 99. Neurological Diseases 1018
Chapter 100. Psychosocial Factors 1020
Chapter 101. Prevention Strategies for Neurotoxicology 1024
Chapter 102. Developing Countries 1026
Chapter 103. Pesticides 1028
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION 1028
REFERENCES 1029
Part XIII: Synthesis 1030
Chapter 104. SYMPOSIUM SYNTHESIS Application of Neurobehavioral Methods in Environmental and Occupational Health 1032
NEED FOR A CRITICAL APPRAISAL 1032
CURRENT STATUS 1033
THE WAY AHEAD 1035
CONCLUSIONS 1036
Index 1038