Nuclear Medicine in Urology and Nephrology (eBook)

Front cover 
1 
Nuclear medicine in urology and nephrology 4
Copiright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Note on orientation of illustrations 9
Acknowledgements 10
Contributors 14
Part 1.Techniques 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
References 21
Capter 2. Renography 24
Gamma camera renography 24
Probe renography 27
Interpretation of the renogram 28
Diuresis renography 32
Deconvolution of the renogram 36
References 40
Chapter 3. Radionuclìde renal imaging 42
Investigation of space-occupying lesions 43
Investigation of inflammatory disease 45
Acute pyelonephritis 48
Investigation of reflux 50
References 50
Chapter 4. Reflux studies 52
Direct radionuclide cystography 53
Indirect radionuclide cystography 55
Uretero-ureteric reflux 57
References 61
Chapter 5. Clearance studies 64
Theory and terminology 64
Traditional methods 65
Radionuclide techniques for clearance measurement 66
Constant infusion methods 66
Single-injection methods: urine and plasma sampling 67
Single-injection methods: plasma sampling only 68
The single sample method 69
Individual kidney clearances 72
References 73
Chapter 6. Bone scintigraphy 76
Practical methods 80
Prostatic carcinoma 81
Objective criteria 85
Some other aspects 88
References 89
Chapter 7. Protocols of procedures 92
Renography 93
Renal imaging 96
Transplant studies 97
Clearance studies 98
Indirect micturating cystography 101
Direct micturating cystography 101
Bone scanning 103
Part 2. Clinical applications 104
Chapter 8. Obstructive uropathy 106
Unequivocal chronic obstruction 107
Equivocal chronic obstruction 109
The non-functioning kidney 121
References 121
Capter 9. Urological tumours 124
Renal carcinoma 124
Benign lesions 133
Prostatic cancer 134
Tumours of the testis 134
Adrenal scintigraphy 135
References 138
Capter 10. Renal transplantation 142
Renal perfusion and blood flow measurement 143
Gamma camera renography 144
Probe renography 153
Isotope clearance studies 153
Influences of drugs on the renogram 154
Techniques for positive identification of rejection 155
Other diagnostic techniques 156
References 157
Capter 11. Paediatric problems 162
Techniques 162
Assessment of the neonate 164
Vesico-ureteric reflux 165
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys 166
Pelviureteric junction obstruction 169
Megaureters 170
Renal trauma 172
References 172
Capter 12. Renal and urinary tract trauma 174
Technique 175
Interpretation 175
References 182
Capter 13. Lower urinary tract problems 186
Urine flow rate 186
Residual urine volume 187
The cystometric nuclear cystogram 188
Radionuclide studies in obstructive uropathy of infravesical origin (highpressure chronic retention) 188
References 193
Chapter 14. Nephrological applications of radionuclides 196
Assessment of renal size 196
Acute renal failure 197
Acute pyelonephritis 200
Acute interstitial nephritis 202
Chronic renal failure 204
Renal lymphoma 206
Hypertension 206
Hypertension 206
Renal imaging in renovascular hypertension 209
References 215
Part 3. Basic principles 218
Chapter 15. Physics 220
The atom 220
Radioactive decay 222
Alpha decay and fission 226
Isomerie transition: gamma emission 226
Interaction of radiation with matter 227
Further reading 229
Chapter 16 Instrumentation 230
The sodium iodide scintillation detector 231
External probe systems 233
The rectilinear scanner 234
The scintillation camera 235
Improvements in gamma camera design 238
The nuclear medicine computer system 240
Display of digital images 242
Matrix size and type 243
Data analysis 246
Further reading 246
Chapter 17. Radiopharmaceuticals 248
Radiopharmaceuticals used for renal perfusion studies 248
Radiopharmaceuticals used for clearance studies 251
Radiopharmaceuticals used for renal imaging and renography 252
Developments in radiopharmaceuticals 256
References 258
Chapter 18. Mathematics 262
The compartmental model of renal clearance 262
Background subtraction of the renogram 267
Calculation of relative renal function 270
Calculation of absolute renal function 272
Deconvolution of the renogram 272
Renal blood flow: first-pass studies 280
Geometric mean count rate 281
References 284
Chapter 19. Radiation dosimetry 286
Method of calculating absorbed dose 288
Estimation of the dose equivalent for various renal studies in adults 290
Radiation dosimetry in children 293
References 294
Chapter 20. Current developments 296
Radiopharmaceuticals 296
Instrumentation 297
Clinical application 297
References 299
Index 300