Biopsy Pathology of the Prostate

Normal anatomy and histology: anatomy and histology of the prostate; seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts; Cowper glands; immunohistochemistry; prostate sampling techniques. Inflammation: acute bacterial prostatitis; chronic prostatitis; granulomatous prostatitis; AIDS-related prostatitis; pathological changes following needle biopsy. Non-neoplastic metaplasia: squamous metaplasia; mucinous metaplasia; neuroendocrine cells with eosinophilic granules; urothelial metaplasia (transitional metaplasia); nephrogenic metaplasia (nephrogenic adenoma). Hyperplasia and nodular hyperplasia: usual acinar and stromal hyperplasia; atrophy and postatrophic hyperplasia; stromal hyperplasia with atypical giant cells; basal cell hyperplasia and basal cell proliferations; cribriform hyperplasia; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; sclerosing adenosis; verumontanum mucosal gland hyperplasia; hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants; association of nodular hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Miscellaneous benign lesions and cysts: amyloidosis; pigmented lesions; endometriosis; prostatic cyst; ejaculatory duct adenofibroma. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): diagnostic features of PIN; PIN after therapy; clinical significance of PIN; serum PSA and PIN; histochemistry and immunohistochemistry of PIN; neovascularization in PIN; differential diagnosis of PIN. Adenocarcinoma: diagnosis of carcinoma; eight common problems in needle biopsy interpretation; needle biopsy findings; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and early detection of cancer; clinical and pathological staging of cancer; tumour track seeding. Grading: Gleason grading system; grading needle biopsies; reproducibility of Gleason grading and comparison with other grading systems; proposed modifications to Gleason grading; clinical significance of grading. Variants of prostatic adenocarcinoma: ductal carcinoma; mucinous carcinoma (colloid carcinoma); signet-ring-cell carcinoma; carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation; neuroendocrine carcinoma (small cell carcinoma and carcinoid); squamous cell and adenosquamous carcinoma; sarcomatoid carcinoma (carcinosarcoma; metaplastic carcinoma); adenoid cystic carcinoma/basal cell carcinoma; lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma; carcinoma with oncolytic features; comedocarcinoma;cribriform carcinoma. (Part contents).