Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clinical Nutrition 2
copyright 
3 
Contributors 4
Contents 6
Veterinary clinics of 
 
 
9 
Preface 
10 
Nutritional Concepts for the Veterinary Practitioner 12
Key points 12
Introduction 12
Diseases and nutrition 13
Evaluation of pet foods 14
Helping owners choose a diet 16
Pet food labels 16
Nutritional assessment of dogs and cats 20
What is a Nutritional Assessment? 20
Screening and Extended Evaluations 22
Dietary and Feeding Management Plan 22
Integrating nutritional assessments into a busy general practice 26
Awareness and Education (Secure Staff Support) 26
Initiation 26
Monitor and Review 28
Comments 28
Nutrition myths and misconceptions 28
Myth: Large-Breed Puppies Should Be Fed an Adult Maintenance Diet to Prevent Developmental Orthopedic Disease 28
Myth: Dry Diets Cause Gastric Dilation Volvulus 28
Myth: Fasting Is an Effect Method for Weight Loss 29
Myth: Feeding Brewer’s Yeast, or Onions, or Garlic, Prevents Fleas 29
Myth: Dogs Should Have Bones to Eat/Chew 29
Myth: Raw Diets Are Better Because They Are More Natural 29
Myth: Gluten-Free Diets Are Healthier for Dogs and Cats 29
Myth: Senior Dogs and Cats Should Be Fed a Low-Protein Diet to Prevent Kidney Disease 30
Myth: By-Products Are Poor Quality Ingredients 30
Myth: Feeding Dry Food to Cats Causes Diabetes Mellitus Because of the High-Carbohydrate Content 30
Summary 31
References 31
Handling Alternative Dietary Requests from Pet Owners 34
Key points 34
Introduction 35
What Is a “Conventional” Versus an “Unconventional” Diet? 35
New Thinking: “Alternative” Diets 36
Dietary Options Available to Owners 37
How to assess alternative diets 38
North American Pet Food Regulations 38
Determining Nutritional Adequacy of a Patient’s Diet 41
Nutritionally complete and balanced 41
Species 41
Life stage 42
Method of determining nutritional adequacy 42
Action 43
Intermittent or supplemental feeding only 43
Action 43
Feed under the supervision or direction of a veterinarian 43
Action 44
Product recalls 44
Products without a nutritional adequacy statement 44
Premade “homemade” diets 44
Premade products 45
Mixers and toppers 45
Homemade or home-prepared diets 45
Determining product safety 46
How to assess patients on alternative diets 48
Body Weight Trends, Body Condition Scores, and Muscle Condition Scores 50
Feces 51
Skin and Coat 51
Eyes and Vision 52
Skeleton 52
Laboratory Data 53
Summary 53
References 53
Myths and Misperceptions About Ingredients Used in Commercial Pet Foods 56
Key points 56
Grains in pet foods 58
Allergies and Grains 59
Carbohydrates in Pet Foods 59
Meat or poultry by-products and meals 60
Animal Versus Vegetable Source Proteins: Determinants of Protein Quality 61
Effect of cooking on quality and digestibility of nutrients 62
About Extrusion Cooking 62
Additives and preservatives 62
Summary 63
References 63
Macronutrients in Feline Health 66
Key points 66
Introduction 66
Macronutrient requirements for cats: minimums and maximums 67
Protein Requirements 67
Fat Requirements 68
Carbohydrate Requirements 70
Macronutrient preferences of cats 70
Macronutrients and age 71
Macronutrients and maintaining a healthy body weight 72
The Role of Protein 72
Satiety 73
Thermogenesis 74
Lean body mass preservation 75
Weight Gain: Fat or Carbohydrates? 75
Macronutrients and prevention of diseases: what is the evidence? 76
Diabetes Mellitus 76
Chronic Kidney Disease 78
Summary 78
References 79
Nutrition for Working and Service Dogs 86
Key points 86
Introduction 86
The energetic cost of activity 86
Energy and demand: fat and carbohydrate 88
Protein requirements for the canine athlete 90
Body condition and exercise 91
Fat: beyond energy 92
Carbohydrates: timing and strategy 93
Dietary fiber 93
Electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins in the working canine 94
Feeding strategies in canine athletes 96
Diet in the geriatric athlete 97
Diets for future canine athletes: nutritional considerations during growth 100
Summary 101
References 101
Nutrition of Aging Dogs 108
Key points 108
Introduction 108
Relevance 108
When Are Dogs Considered Seniors? 108
Assessment 109
Physiologic changes associated with aging 110
Impact of Aging on Nutrient Absorption 111
Impact of Aging on Gut Microbiota 112
Impact of Aging on the Brain 113
Impact of Aging on Immune Health 113
Impact of Aging on Gene Expression 113
Impact of Aging on Special Senses and Metabolic Flexibility 113
Nutritional management of physiologic aging changes 114
Energy 114
Protein 114
Phosphorus 115
Sodium 115
Nutritional management of selected age-related diseases 115
Nutritional Intervention for Cognitive Dysfunction 115
Antioxidants 115
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 116
Alternative fuel sources 116
Nutritional Intervention for Declining Immunity 116
Nutritional Intervention for Degenerative Joint Disease 117
Management of body fat and muscle mass 117
Long-chain omega-3 PUFA 117
Green-lipped mussel extract 117
Glucosamine and chondroitin 118
Other nutraceuticals 118
Reassessment and treatment adjustment 118
Discussion 118
Summary 119
References 119
Nutrition of Aging Cats 128
Key points 128
Introduction 128
Physical and nutritional evaluation of aging cats 129
Nutritional requirements of aging cats 130
Energy Requirements Change with Age 130
Body Weight and Body Composition Changes with Age 130
Balancing the Diet: Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates 131
Feeding Management 132
Therapeutic nutrition for specific conditions 134
Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome 134
Diabetes Mellitus 134
Chronic Kidney Disease 135
Osteoarthritis 136
Hyperthyroidism 137
References 138
Dietary Management of Feline Endocrine Disease 142
Key points 142
Introduction 142
Hyperthyroidism in cats 143
The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Hyperthyroid Cat 143
Weight loss and muscle wasting 143
Hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and overt diabetes 143
Hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic kidney disease 144
Sarcopenia of aging 144
Management Goals 145
Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Hyperthyroid Cats 145
High dietary protein 145
Low dietary carbohydrates 146
Lower dietary phosphate 146
Diabetes mellitus 147
The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Diabetic Cat 147
Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, glucose toxicity 148
Weight loss or gain, obesity, muscle wasting 148
Sarcopenia of aging 148
Nutritional Management Goals 148
Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Diabetic Cats 149
Low dietary carbohydrates 149
High dietary protein 149
References 150
Pet Obesity Management 156
Key points 156
Introduction 156
The Status of Pet Obesity 157
Risk Factors for Obesity 157
Perception of Obesity 158
Clinical considerations in obesity 158
Client Cost for Obesity 158
Adjusted Body Weight and Medication Dosage 158
Consequences of obesity 158
Subclinical Consequences of Obesity 159
Clinical Diseases Associated with Obesity 159
Quality of Life in Obese Pets 159
Prevention 159
Initial approach to weight management 160
Pet Assessment 160
Owner Assessment 161
Selecting a diet: nutrients of concern 161
Lower Calorie Density 162
Macronutrient Profile (Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat) 162
Micronutrient Profile 162
Additional Nutrients 162
Treats 162
Energy restriction 163
Initial Calculation 163
Rate of Weight Loss 163
Special Considerations 163
Energy Restriction for Maintenance of Weight Loss 163
Physical activity for management of obesity 164
How to integrate human-animal interaction into obesity prevention and treatment 164
The Discussion of Pet Obesity 164
Creating Effective Weight Management Plans by Understanding Owner-Pet Attachment 165
Incorporating Family Dynamics to Address Challenges in Weight Management Plans 167
Partnering with pets to achieve wellness 168
Summary 168
Supplementary data 168
References 168
Index 174