Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual

GERARD J. TORTORA is Professor of Biology at Bergen Community College in Paramus, New Jersey, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology, s well as microbiology. The author of several best selling science textbooks and laboratory manuals, he was named Distinguish Faculty Scholar at Bergen Community College and received a National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) excellence award from the University of Texas in 1996. Jerry received his bachelor's degree in biology from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his master's degree in science education from Montclair State College. He is a member of many professional organizations such as the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the Metropolitan Association of College and University Biologists (MACUB). ROBERT J. AMITRANO is an Associate Professor of Biology at Bergen Community College in Paramus, New Jersey. His teaching assignments for the past twelve years include human anatomy and physiology, human biology, comparative anatomy, and embryology. He has published several learning guides and laboratory manuals, and twice received awards from Who's Who Among America's Teachers. Bob is currently serving a the Biological Sciences coordinator at Bergen Community College. Bob received his bachelor's degree in biology from Seton Hal University and a Doctorate of Chiropractic from the New York Chiropractic College. He is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), and the Metropolitan Association of College and University Biologists (MACUB).

Laboratory Safety.


Selected Laboratory Safety Signs/Labels.


Commonly Used Laboratory Equipment.


Pronunciation Key.


1. Microscopy.


Compound Light Microscopy.



2. Introduction to the Human Body.


Anatomy and Physiology. Levels of Structural Organization. Systems of the Body. Life Processes. Homeostasis. Anatomical Position and Regional Names. External Features of the Body. Directional Terms. Planes of the Body. Body Cavities. Abdominopelvic Regions. Abdominopelvic Quadrants. Dissection of White Rat.



3. Cells.


Cell Parts. Diversity of Cells. Movement of Substances across and through Plasma Membranes. Extracellular Materials. Cell Division.



4. Tissues.


Epithelial Tissue. Connective Tissue. Membranes.



5. Integumentary System.


Skin. Hair. Glands. Nails. Homeostasis of Body Temperature.



6. Bone Tissue.


Functions of Bone. Gross Structure of a Long Bone. Histology of Bone. Chemistry of Bones. Bone Formation: Ossification. Bone Growth. Fractures. Types of Bones. Bone Surface Markings.



7. Bones.


Bones of Adult Skull. Sutures of Skull. Fontanels of Skull. Paranasal Sinuses of Skull. Vertebral Column. Vertebrae. Sternum and Ribs. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles. Upper Limbs. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle. Lower Limbs. Articulated Skeleton.



8. Articulations.


Kinds of Joints. Fibrous Joints. Cartilaginous Joints. Synovial Joints. Knee Joint.



9. Muscle Tissue.


Types of Muscle Tissue. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Laboratory Tests on Skeletal Muscle Contraction. Biochemistry of Skeletal Muscle Contraction. Electromyography. Cardiac Muscle Tissue. Smooth (Visceral) Muscle Tissue.



10. Skeletal Muscles.


How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement. Arrangement of Fascicles. Naming Skeletal Muscles. Connective Tissue Components. Principal Skeletal Muscles. Composite Muscular System.



11. Surface Anatomy.


Head. Neck. Trunk. Upper Limb (Extremity). Lower Limb (Extremity).



12. Nervous Tissue.


Nervous System Divisions. Histology of Nervous Tissue. Histology of Neuroglia. Neuronal Circuits. Reflex Arc. Demonstration of Reflex Arc.



13. Nervous System.


Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves. Brain. Cranial Nerves. Tests of Cranial Nerve Function. Dissection of Sheep Brain.



14. General Senses and Sensory Motor Pathways.


Characteristics of Sensations. Classification of Receptors. Receptors for General Senses. Tests for General Senses. Somatic Sensory Pathways. Sensory-Motor Integration. Somatic Motor Pathways.



15. Special Senses.


Olfactory Sensations. Gustatory Sensations. Visual Sensations. Auditory Sensations and Equilibrium.



16. Endocrine System.


Endocrine Glands. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis). Thyroid Gland. Parathyroid Glands. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands. Pancreas. Testes. Ovaries. Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri). Thymus Gland. Other Endocrine Tissues. Physiology of the Endocrine System.



17. Blood.


Components of Blood. Plasma. Erythrocytes. Red Blood Cell Tests. Leukocytes. White Blood Cell Tests. Platelets. Drawings of Blood Cells. Blood Grouping (Typing).



18. Heart.


Pericardium. Heart Wall. Chambers of Heart and Great Vessels of Heart. Valves of Heart. Blood Supply of Heart. Dissection of Sheep Heart.



19. Blood Vessels.


Arteries and Arterioles. Capillaries. Venules and Veins. Circulatory Routes. Blood Vessel Exercise.



20. Cardiovascular Physiology.


Cardiac Conduction System and Electrocardiogram (ECC or EKG). Cardiac Cycle. Cardiac Cycle Experiments. Heart Sounds. Pulse Rate. Blood Pressure (Auscultation Method). Observing Blood Flow.



21. Lymphatic System.


Lymphatic Vessels. Lymphatic Tissue. Lymph Circulation.



22. Respiratory System.


Organs of the Respiratory System. Dissection of Sheep Pluck. Laboratory Tests on Respiration. Laboratory Test Combining Respiratory and Cardiovascular Interactions.



23. Digestive System.


General Organization of Digestive System. Organs of Digestive System. Deglutition. Chemistry of Digestions.



24. Urinary System.


Organs of Urinary System. Dissection of Sheep (or Pig) Kidney. Renal Physiology Experiments. Urine. Urinalysis.



25. pH and Acid-Base Balance.


The Concept of pH. Measuring pH. Acid-Base Balance. Acid-Base Imbalances. Renal Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration.



26. Reproductive Systems.


Organs of Male Reproductive System. Organs of Female Reproductive System. Dissection of Fetus-Containing Pig Uterus.



27. Development.


Spermatogenesis. Oogenesis. Embryonic Period. Fetal Period.



28. Genetics.


Genotype and Phenotype. Punnett Squares. Sex Inheritance. Sex-Linked Inheritance. Mendelian Laws. Multiple Alleles. Genetics Exercises.



Appendix A. Some Important Units of Measurement.


Appendix B. Periodic Table of the Elements.


Appendix C. Eponyms Used in This Laboratory Manual.


Index.