Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete

Proteins and Amino Acids
Introduction
Amino Acids
Protein Synthesis
Adaptive Response to Exercise
Exercise and Protein Metabolism
Introduction
The Hormones
Cortisol
Anabolic and Anticatabolic Effects of Amino Acids
Other Factors Affecting Protein Synthesis
Eicosanoids and Muscle Protein Synthesis
Energy Metabolism
Introduction
Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Use of AA for Energy - Catabolic Effects of Exercise
Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle - Pathways of Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Catabolism
Oxidation of Amino Acids
Alanine and Glutamine
Interorgan Exchange of Amino Acids
Metabolic Pathways Producing ATP
Metabolism of Ammonia
Urea Formation by the Liver
Dietary Protein and Amino Acids
Classification of Proteins
Functions of Proteins
Coagulation and Denaturation
Protein Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism
Requirement for Dietary Protein
Protein Quality - Amino Acid Requirements
Dietary Protein Requirements
The Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Protein Foods vs. Protein and Amino Acid Supplements
Introduction
Hydrolysates - Comparison to Whole Protein and Intact Whole Protein Supplements
Whey Protein Hydrolysates and the Athlete
BV of Whey Hydrolysates
Whey Protein - Conclusions
Free Form Amino Acids vs. Di- and Tripeptides
A Practical Guide to Commercial Amino Acid Preparations
Factors Affecting Amino Acid Bioavailability
Role of Amino Acid Supplementation in Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength
Physiological and Pharmacological Actions of Amino Acids
Introduction
Central Nervous System Effects of Amino Acids
Effects of Amino Acids on Growth Hormone Release
Hepatoprotectant and Cytoprotective Effects of Amino Acids
Requirement for Dietary Protein - Amino Acid Needs
Essential Amino Acids
The Branched Chain Amino Acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, and Valine
Histidine
Buffering Effects of Carnosine
Lysine
L-Carnitine
Acetal-L-Carnitine
Methionine
Creatinine Monohydrate
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Arginine
Arginine and the Athlete
L-Cysteine
Cysteine and N-Acetylcysteine
Glutamine
Tyrosine
Nonessential or Dispensable Amino Acids
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Ornithine
Ornithine Alpha Ketoglutarate
Serine
Glycine
Taurine
L-Dopa
Analogs and Derivatives of Amino Acids
Step Number One - Naturally Anabolic
Introduction
Maximizing Lean Body Mass and Athletic Performance Without Drugs
Hormonal Manipulation
Step Number One - Lifestyle Changes
Step Number Two - Training Without Overtraining
Recovery Phase - Protein Synthesis After Exercise
Hormonal Changes With Exercise
Maximizing the Anabolic and Minimizing the Catabolic Effects of Exercise
Step Number Three - Maximizing Diet and Nutrition
Step Number Four - Nutritional Supplements
Benefits of Nutritional Supplements
Vitamins and Minerals
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLA)
Glycerol
Pyruvate
Caffeine and Ephedrine
Anti-Cortisol Supplements
Amino Acid and Protein Supplementation
When and How to Take Them and How Much to Take
Cycling of Supplements
Summary
Protein and Amino Acids and Muscle Hypertrophy
Summary and Conclusion
Reference Books and Letters
References
Index