Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System

Dr. Michael J. Aminoff is an internationally recognized, board-certified neurologist and clinical neurophysiologist who works at UCSF Medical Center and specializes in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, holding an endowed chair in Parkinson's disease research. Aminoff was educated in England, graduating with honors from University College in London in 1962 and as a physician from University College Hospital Medical School in 1965. He completed postdoctoral training in various London teaching hospitals, but especially at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Queen Square, London, and at its affiliated Institute of Neurology, where his research on spinal physiology gained him an MD degree (an advanced research thesis in the UK). He joined UCSF Medical Center in 1974, becoming a full professor in 1982; the title of distinguished professor was conferred on him in 2010. In 2000, he was awarded a doctorate in science (an advanced doctorate in the Faculty of Science) from the University of London. He has received numerous awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine (2006) and the A.B.Baker Award from the American Academy of Neurology (2007). He was the editor-in-chief of Muscle and Nerve, a major neuroscience journal for 10 years; serves on the editorial boards of several other medical and scientific journals; and has authored nearly 250 research publications as well as numerous books. Dr. Aminoff is also editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Neurological Sciences and series editor of the multivolume Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Elsevier).

SECTION 1-NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT 1-1 Embryo at 18 Days, 2 1-2 Embryo at 20 to 24 Days, 3 1-3 Central Nervous System at 28 Days, 4 1-4 Central Nervous System at 36 Days, 5 1-5 Defective Neural Tube Formation, 6 1-6 Defective Neural Tube Formation (Continued), 7 1-7 Spinal Dysraphism, 8 1-8 Spinal Dysraphism (Continued), 9 1-9 Fetal Brain Growth in the First Trimester, 10 1-10 Craniosynostosis, 11 1-11 Extracranial Hemorrhage and Skull Fractures in the Newborn, 12 1-12 Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Newborn, 13 1-13 The External Development of the Brain in the Second and Third Trimesters, 14 1-14 Mature Brain Ventricles, 15 1-15 Hydrocephalus, 16 1-16 Surgical Treatment of Hydrocephalus, 17 1-17 Cerebral Palsy, 18 1-18 Establishing Cellular Diversity in the Embryonic Brain and Spinal Cord, 20 1-19 Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain, 22 1-20 Circuit Formation in the Spinal Cord, 23 1-21 Sheath and Satellite Cell Formation, 24 1-22 Development of Myelination and Axon Ensheathment, 25 1-23 Brachial Plexus and/or Cervical Nerve Root Injuries at Birth, 26 1-24 Morphogenesis and Regional Differentiation of the Forebrain, 27 1-25 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex, 28 1-26 Neuronal Proliferation and Migration Disorders, 29 1-27 Developmental Dyslexia, 30 1-28 Autism Spectrum Disorders, 31 1-29 Rett Syndrome, 32 SECTION 2-CEREBRAL CORTEX AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS 2-1 Superolateral Surface of Brain, 34 2-2 Medial Surface of Brain, 35 2-3 Inferior Surface of Brain, 36 2-4 Cerebral Cortex: Function and Association Pathways, 37 2-5 Major Cortical Association Bundles, 38 2-6 Corticocortical and Subcorticocortical Projection Circuits, 39 2-7 Corpus Callosum, 40 2-8 Rhinencephalon and Limbic System, 41 2-9 Hippocampus, 42 2-10 Fornix, 43 2-11 Amygdala, 44 2-12 Forebrain Regions Associated with Hypothalamus, 45 2-13 Thalamocortical Radiations, 46 2-14 Neuronal Structure and Synapses, 47 2-15 Chemical Synaptic Transmission, 48 2-16 Summation of Excitation and Inhibition, 49 2-17 Types of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex, 50 2-18 Astrocytes, 51 2-19 Testing for Defects of Higher Cortical Function, 52 2-20 Memory Circuits, 53 2-21 Amnesia, 54 2-22 Dominant Hemisphere Language Dysfunction, 55 2-23 Nondominant Hemisphere Higher Cortical Dysfunction, 56 2-24 Alzheimer Disease: Pathology, 57 2-25 Alzheimer Disease: Distribution of Pathology, 58 2-26 Alzheimer Disease: Clinical Manifestations, Progressive Phases, 59 2-27 Frontotemporal Dementia, 60 2-28 Dementia with Lewy Bodies, 61 2-29 Vascular Dementia, 62 2-30 Treatable Dementias, 63 2-31 Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus, 64 SECTION 3-EPILEPSY 3-1 Electroencephalography, 66 3-2 Focal (Partial) Seizures, 67 3-3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, 68 3-4 Absence Seizures, 69 3-5 Epileptic Syndromes, 70 3-6 Neonatal Seizures, 71 3-7 Status Epilepticus, 72 3-8 Causes of Seizures, 73 3-9 Neurobiology of Epilepsy, 74 3-10 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 75 3-11 Neurobiology of Epilepsy (Continued), 76 3-12 Treatment of Epilepsy: Preoperative Evaluation, 77 3-13 Treatment of Epilepsy: Resective Surgery, 78 SECTION 4-PSYCHIATRY 4-1 Limbic System, 80 4-2 Major Depressive Disorder, 81 4-3 Postpartum Depression, 82 4-4 Bipolar Disorder, 83 4-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 84 4-6 Social Anxiety disorder, 85 4-7 Panic Disorder, 86 4-8 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 87 4-9 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 88 4-10 Somatization, 89 4-11 Conversion Disorder, 90 4-12 Schizophrenia, 91 4-13 Alcohol Use Disorders, 92 4-14 Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders, 93 4-15 Alcohol Withdrawal, 94 4-16 Opioid Use Disorders, 95 4-17 Opioid Withdrawal, 96 4-18 Borderline Personality Disorder, 97 4-19 Antisocial Personality Disorder, 98 4-20 Intimate Partner Abuse, 99 4-21 Elder Abuse, 100 4-22 Delirium and Acute Personality Changes, 101 4-23 Delirium and Acute Personality Changes (Continued), 102 4-24 Insomnia, 103 4-25 Pediatrics: Depressive Disorders, 104 4-26 Pediatrics: Anxiety Disorders, 105 4-27 Pediatrics: Disruptive Behavior Disorders, 106 4-28 Pediatrics: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 107 4-29 Pediatrics: Eating Disorders, 108 4-30 Child Abuse: Fractures in Abused Children, 109 4-31 Child Abuse: Staging of Injuries and Injury Patterns, 110 SECTION 5-HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, SLEEP, AND THALAMUS 5-1 Anatomic Relationships of the Hypothalamus, 112 5-2 Development and Developmental Disorders of the Hypothalamus, 113 5-3 Blood Supply of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, 114 5-4 General Topography of the Hypothalamus, 115 5-5 Overview of Hypothalamic Nuclei, 116 5-6 Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary Gland, 117 5-7 Hypothalamic Control of the Autonomic Nervous System, 118 5-8 Olfactory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 119 5-9 Visual Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 120 5-10 Somatosensory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 121 5-11 Taste and Other Visceral Sensory Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 122 5-12 Limbic and Cortical Inputs to the Hypothalamus, 123 5-13 Overview of Hypothalamic Function and Dysfunction, 124 5-14 Regulation of Water Balance, 125 5-15 Temperature Regulation, 126 5-16 Fever: Cytokines and Prostaglandins Cause the Sickness Response, 127 5-17 Fever: Hypothalamic Responses During Inflammation Modulate Immune Response, 128 5-18 Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolism, 129 5-19 Stress Response, 130 5-20 Hypothalamic Regulation of Cardiovascular Function, 131 5-21 Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep, 132 5-22 Narcolepsy: A Hypothalamic Sleep Disorder, 133 5-23 Sleep-Disordered Breathing, 134 5-24 Parasomnias, 135 5-25 Divisions of the Pituitary Gland and Its Relationships to the Hypothalamus, 136 5-26 Posterior Pituitary Gland, 137 5-27 Anatomic Relationships of the Pituitary Gland, 138 5-28 Effects of Pituitary Mass Lesions on the Visual Apparatus, 139 5-29 Anterior Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies, 140 5-30 Severe Anterior Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies (Panhypopituitarism), 141 5-31 Postpartum Pituitary Infarction (Sheehan Syndrome), 142 5-32 Pituitary Apoplexy, 143 5-33 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology, 144 5-34 Thalamic Anatomy and Pathology (Continued), 145 SECTION 6-DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (COMA) 6-1 Coma, 148 6-2 Disorders of Consciousness, 149 6-3 Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score (FOUR), 150 6-4 Prognosis in Coma Related to Severe Head Injuries, 151 6-5 Differential Diagnosis of Coma, 152 6-6 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage, 153 6-7 Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State, 154 6-8 Brain Death, 155 6-9 Ventilatory Patterns and Apnea Test, 156 SECTION 7-BASAL GANGLIA AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS 7-1 Basal Nuclei (Ganglia), 158 7-2 Basal Ganglia and Related Structures 159 7-3 Schematic and Cross Section of Basal Ganglia, 160 7-4 Parkinsonism: Early Manifestations, 161 7-5 Parkinsonism: Successive Clinical Stages, 162 7-6 Neuropathology of Parkinson Disease, 163 7-7 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, 164 7-8 Corticobasal Degeneration, 165 7-9 Parkinsonism: Hypothesized Role of Dopamine, 166 7-10 Surgical Management of Movement Disorders, 167 7-11 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder: Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia, 168 7-12 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder: Cervical Dystonia, 169 7-13 Chorea/Ballism, 170 7-14 Tremor, 171 7-15 Tics and Tourette Syndrome, 172 7-16 Myoclonus, 173 7-17 Wilson Disease, 174 7-18 Psychogenic Movement Disorders, 175 7-19 Cerebral Palsy, 176 SECTION 8-CEREBELLUM AND ATAXIA 8-1 Cerebellum and the Fourth Ventricle, 178 8-2 Cerebellum Gross Anatomy, 179 8-3 Cerebellar Peduncles, 180 8-4 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei, 181 8-5 Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei (Continued), 182 8-6 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear Circuitry, 183 8-7 Cerebellar Cortical and Corticonuclear Circuitry (Continued), 184 8-8 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent Pathways, 185 8-9 Cerebellum Subdivisions and Afferent Pathways (Continued), 186 8-10 Cerebellar Efferent Pathways, 187 8-11 Cerebellovestibular Pathways, 189 8-12 Cerebellum Modular Organization, 190 8-13 Cerebrocerebellar Connections, 191 8-14 Cerebellar Motor Examination, 192 8-15 Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome, 193 8-16 Cerebellar Disorders Differential Diagnosis, 194 8-17 Gait Disorders-Differential Diagnosis, 195 8-18 Gait Disorders-Differential Diagnosis (Continued), 196 8-19 Friedreich Ataxia, 197 SECTION 9-CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION AND STROKE OVERVIEW AND APPROACH TO STROKE PATIENT 9-1 Arteries to Brain and Meninges, 200 9-2 Territories of the Cerebral Arteries, 201 9-3 Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views, 202 9-4 Arteries Of Brain: Frontal View and Section, 203 9-5 Stroke Subtypes, 204 9-6 Temporal Profile of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and Completed Infarction (CI), 205 9-7 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic Options in Stroke, 206 9-8 Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic Options in Stroke (Continued), 207 9-9 Uncommon Etiologic Mechanisms in Stroke, 208 ANTERIOR CIRCULATION ISCHEMIA 9-10 Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease, 209 9-11 Other Etiologies of Carotid Artery Disease, 210 9-12 Clinical Manifestations of Carotid Artery Disease, 211 9-13 Occlusion of Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries, 212 9-14 Diagnosis of Internal Carotid Disease, 213 9-15 Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Disease, 214 9-16 Carotid Endarterectomy, 215 9-17 Endovascular ICA Angioplasty and Stenting Using A Protective Device, 216 VERTEBRAL BASILAR SYSTEM DISORDERS 9-18 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View, 217 9-19 Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa, 218 9-20 Clinical Manifestations of Vertebrobasilar Territory Ischemia, 219 9-21 Intracranial Occlusion of Vertebral Artery, 220 9-22 Occlusion of Basilar Artery and Branches, 221 9-23 Occlusion of "Top of Basilar" and Posterior Cerebral Arteries, 222 BRAIN EMBOLI 9-24 Cardiac Sources of Brain Emboli, 223 9-25 Uncommon Cardiac Mechanisms In Stroke, 224 LACUNAR STROKE 9-26 Lacunar Infarction, 225 9-27 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, 226 OTHER 9-28 Hypertensive Encephalopathy, 227 9-29 Hypoxia, 228 COAGULOPATHIES 9-30 Role of Platelets in Arterial Thrombosis, 229 9-31 Inherited Thrombophilias, 230 9-32 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, 231 VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS 9-33 Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins, 232 9-34 Intracranial Venous Sinuses, 233 9-35 Diagnosis of Venous Sinus Thrombosis, 234 INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE 9-36 Pathogenesis and Types, 235 9-37 Clinical Manifestations of Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to Site, 236 9-38 Vascular Malformations, 237 SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS 9-39 Distribution and Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Aneurysm Rupture, 238 9-40 Giant Congenital Aneurysms, 239 9-41 Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Cerebral Aneurysms, 240 9-42 Approach to Internal Carotid Aneurysms, 241 9-43 Interventional Radiologic Repair of Berry Aneurysms, 242 PEDIATRICS 9-44 Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disease, 243 REHABILITATION 9-45 Positioning in Bed and Passive Range-of-Motion Exercises After Stroke, 244 9-46 Aphasia Rehabilitation, 245 9-47 Other Rehabilitative Issues: Dysphagia/ Gait Training/Locked-in Syndrome, 246 SECTION 10-MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND OTHER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 10-1 Overview, 248 10-2 Clinical Manifestations, 249 10-3 Diagnosis, 250 10-4 Diagnosis: Spinal Cord MRI in Multiple Sclerosis, 251 10-5 Diagnosis: Visual Evoked Response and Spinal Fluid Analysis, 252 10-6 MS Pathophysiology, 253 10-7 MS Pathophysiology (Continued), 254 10-8 MS Relapses, 256 10-9 MS Relapses (Continued), 257 10-10 MS Relapses (Continued), 258 10-11 MS Relapses: Consequences, 259 10-12 Enigma of Progressive MS, 260 10-13 MS Pathology, 261 10-14 MS Treatment, 262 NEUROIMMUNOLOGIC SYNDROMES 10-15 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis -Radiologic Findings, 264 10-16 Neuromyelitis Optica, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis- Histopathologic Findings, 265 10-17 Other Neuroimmunologic Syndromes: an Overlap Between Primary and Paraneoplastic Processes, 266 10-18 Stiff-Man Syndrome, 267 10-19 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated Disorders, 268 10-20 Paraneoplastic Immune-Mediated Disorders (Continued), 269 10-21 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Syndromes-Central Nervous System, 270 10-22 Neuroimmunology: Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Syndromes- Peripheral Motor Sensory Unit, 271 SECTION 11-INFECTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 11-1 Bacterial Meningitis, 274 11-2 Bacterial Meningitis (Continued), 275 11-3 Brain Abscess, 276 11-4 Parameningeal Infections, 277 11-5 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Nocardiosis, 278 11-6 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis, 279 11-7 Neurocysticercosis, 280 11-8 Spirochetal Infections: Neurosyphilis, 281 11-9 Spirochetal Infections: Lyme Disease, 282 11-10 Tuberculosis of Brain and Spine, 283 11-11 Tetanus, 284 11-12 Aseptic Meningitis, 285 11-13 Primary HIV Infection of the Nervous System, 286 11-14 HIV Life Cycle and Antiretroviral Medications, 287 11-15 Poliomyelitis, 288 11-16 Herpes Zoster, 289 11-17 Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis and Rabies, 290 11-18 Cerebral Malaria and African Trypanosomiasis, 291 11-19 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis), 292 11-20 Cryptococcal Meningitis, 293 11-21 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, 294 11-22 Neurosarcoidosis, 295 SECTION 12-NEURO-ONCOLOGY 12-1 Clinical Presentations of Brain Tumors, 298 12-2 Gliomas, 299 12-3 Glioblastoma, 300 12-4 Pediatric Brain Tumors, 301 12-5 Pediatric Brain Tumors (Continued), 302 12-6 Metastatic Tumors to Brain, 303 12-7 Meningiomas, 304 12-8 Meningiomas (Continued), 305 12-9 Pituitary Tumors, 306 12-10 Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumor, 307 12-11 Craniopharyngioma, 308 12-12 Tumors of Pineal Region, 309 12-13 Vestibular Schwannomas, 310 12-14 Removal of Vestibular Schwannoma, 311 12-15 Intraventricular Tumors, 312 12-16 Chordomas, 313 12-17 Differential Diagnosis of CNS Tumors, 314 12-18 Treatment Modalities, 315 SECTION 13-HEADACHE 13-1 Overview of Headaches, 318 13-2 Migraine Pathophysiology, 319 13-3 Migraine Presentation, 320 13-4 Migraine Aura, 321 13-5 Migraine Management, 322 13-6 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias: Cluster Headache, 323 13-7 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalagias: Paroxysmal Hemicrania (PH), 324 13-8 Tension-Type Headache and Other Benign Episodic and Chronic Headaches, 325 13-9 Pediatric Headache, 326 13-10 Cranial Neuralgias-Trigeminal Neuralgia, 327 13-11 Other Cranial Neuralgias, 328 13-12 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH), Pseudotumor Cerebri, 329 13-13 Intracranial Hypotension/ Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Headache, 330 13-14 Giant Cell Arteritis, 331 13-15 Contiguous Structure Headaches, 332 13-16 Thunderclap Headache and Other Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department, 333 13-17 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 334 13-18 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 335 13-19 Headaches Presenting in the Emergency Department (Continued), 336 SECTION 14-HEAD TRAUMA 14-1 Skull: Anterior View, 338 14-2 Skull: Lateral View, 339 14-3 Skull: Midsagittal Section, 340 14-4 Calvaria, 341 14-5 External Aspect of Skull Base, 342 14-6 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull: Bones, 343 14-7 Internal Aspects of Base of Skull: Orifices, 344 14-8 Skull Injuries, 345 14-9 Concussion, 346 14-10 Acute Epidural Hematoma, 347 14-11 Acute Subdural Hematoma, 348 14-12 CT Scans and MR Images of Intracranial Hematomas, 349 14-13 Vascular Injury, 350 14-14 Initial Assessment and Management of Head Injury, 351 14-15 Glasgow Coma Score, 352 14-16 Neurocritical Care and Management after Traumatic Brain Injury: Devices for Monitoring Intracranial Pressure, 353 14-17 Neurocritical Care and Management: Decompressive Craniectomy, 354