Epidemiology and Management of Root Diseases

1 Inoculum.- 1.1 Role of Inoculum in Root Disease Epidemics.- 1.2 Forms of Inoculum.- 1.3 Survival of Inoculum.- 1.4 Quantifying Inoculum in Soil.- 1.5 Inoculum Density-Disease Relationships.- 1.6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Host Roots.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Root Growth and Energy Availability.- 2.3 Root System Plasticity.- 2.4 Evaluation of Root Systems.- 2.5 Host Susceptibility.- 2.6 Measuring Susceptibility Alterations.- 2.7 The Future.- References.- 3 Mycorrhizae.- 3.1 Distribution and Ecological Impact of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.- 3.2 Productivity of Cultivated Mycorrhizal Plants.- 3.3 Mycorrhizae - Root Disease Relationships.- 3.4 Future Research.- References.- 4 The Soil Environment.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Components of the Physical Soil Environment.- 4.3 Influence of Edaphic Factors on Roots and Pathogens.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Estimating Disease Severity and Incidence.- 5.1 Role of Disease Assessment in Root Disease Epidemiology.- 5.2 Signs and Symptoms.- 5.3 Root and Shoot Symptoms.- 5.4 Disease Assessment.- 5.5 Sampling Considerations.- 5.6 Recommendations.- References.- 6 Temporal Aspects of the Development of Root Disease Epidemics.- 6.1 The Shapes of Disease Progress Curves.- 6.2 The Dynamics of Infection and Disease.- 6.3 Epidemiological Comparison of Treatments for the Control of Disease.- References.- 7 Spatial Aspects of the Development of Root Disease Epidemics.- 7.1 Importance of the Spatial Dimension for Analyzing Root Disease Epidemics.- 7.2 Aspects of Spatial Processes.- 7.3 Dispersal of Pathogen Propagules.- 7.4 Spatial Pattern of Propagules and Diseases.- 7.5 Applications of Spatial Analysis in Root Disease Epidemiology and Management.- References.- 8 Host Resistance.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Terminology.- 8.3Components of Partial Resistance to Root Pathogens.- 8.4 Measurement of Resistance Components.- 8.5 Disease Avoidance and Disease Escape.- 8.6 Tolerance.- 8.7 Examples of Host-Pathogen Systems.- 8.8 Summary.- References.- 9 Chemical Management.- 9.1 Strategies for Use of Chemical Pesticides.- 9.2 Types of Chemical Pesticides.- 9.3 Chemical Management Approaches.- 9.4 Summary.- References.- 10 Biological Management.- 10.1 Ecological Opportunities for Biocontrol.- 10.2 Strategies for Biocontrol.- 10.3 Successful Implementation of Biocontrol.- References.- 11 Cultural Management.- 11.1 Approaches to Cultural Management.- 11.2 Strategies for Use of Cultural Management.- 11.3 Limitations.- 11.4 Novel Approaches.- 11.5 Conclusions.- References.