Plastic Surgery, Vol. 3

Eduardo D Rodriguez, MD, DDS, Chief, Plastic Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery, John Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA and R. Adams Cowley Shock trauma center Division of plastic Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine

Joseph E Losee, MD, FACS, FAAP, Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Chief Division Pediatric Plastic Surgery Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS, Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA

Contents Foreword by Joseph G. McCarthy XXX Preface to the Third Edition XXX List of Contributors XXX Acknowledgments XXX Dedication XXX Volume One: Principles Geoffrey C. Gurtner 1 Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine XXXPeter C. Neligan 2 History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery XXXRiccardo F. Mazzola and Isabella C. Mazzola 3 Psychological aspects of plastic surgery XXXLaurie A. Stevens and Mary H. McGrath 4 The role of ethics in plastic surgery XXXPhillip C. Haeck 5 Business principles for plastic surgeons XXXC. Scott Hultman 6 Medico-legal issues in plastic surgery XXXNeal R. Reisman 7 Photography in plastic surgery XXX Brian M. Kinney 8 Patient safety in plastic surgery XXX Bruce Halperin 9 Local anesthetics in plastic surgery XXX A. Aldo Mottura 10 Evidence-based medicine and health services research in plastic surgery XXX Carolyn L. Kerrigan, E. Dale Collins Vidal, Andrea L. Pusic, Amy K. Alderman, and Valerie Lemaine 11 Genetics and prenatal diagnosis XXX Daniel Nowinski, Elizabeth Kiwanuka, Florian Hackl, Bohdan Pomahac, and Elof Eriksson 12 Principles of cancer management XXX Tomer Avraham, Evan Matros, and Babak J. Mehrara 13 Stem cells and regenerative medicine XXX Benjamin Levi, Derrick C. Wan, Victor W. Wong, Geoffrey C. Gurtner, and Michael T. Longaker 14 Wound healing XXX Chandan K. Sen and Sashwati Roy 15 Skin wound healing: Repair biology, wound, and scar treatment XXX Ursula Mirastschijski, Andreas Jokuszies, and Peter M. Vogt 16 Scar prevention, treatment, and revision XXX Peter Lorenz and A. Sina Bari 17 Skin graft XXX Saja S. Scherer-Pietramaggiori, Giorgio Pietramaggiori, and Dennis P. Orgill 18 Tissue graft, tissue repair, and regeneration XXX Wei Liu and Yilin Cao 19 Tissue engineering XXX Andrea J. O'Connor and Wayne A. Morrison 20 Repair, grafting, and engineering of cartilage XXX Wei Liu and Yilin Cao 21 Repair and grafting of bone XXX Iris A. Seitz, Chad M. Teven, and Russell R. Reid 22 Repair and grafting of peripheral nerve XXX Renata V. Weber, Kirsty U. Boyd, and Susan E. Mackinnon 23 Vascular territories XXX Steven F. Morris and G. Ian Taylor 24 Flap classification and applications XXX Scott L. Hansen, David M. Young, Patrick Lang, and Hani Sbitany 25 Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology XXX Cho Y. Pang and Peter C. Neligan 26 Principles and techniques of microvascular surgery XXX Fu-Chan Wei and Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay 27 Principles and applications of tissue expansion XXX Malcolm W. Marks and Louis C. Argenta 28 Therapeutic radiation: Principles, effects, and complications XXX Gabrielle M. Kane 29 Vascular anomalies XXX Arin K. Greene and John B. Mulliken 30 Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic tumors of the skin and soft tissue XXX Rei Ogawa 31 Melanoma XXX Stephan Ariyan and Aaron Berger 32 Implants and biomaterials XXX Charles E. Butler and Timothy W. King 33 Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery XXX Gordon H. Wilkes, Mohammed M. Al Kahtani, and Johan F. Wolfaardt 34 Transplantation in plastic surgery XXX David W. Mathes, Peter E. M. Butler, and W. P. Andrew Lee 35 Technology innovation in plastic surgery: A practical guide for the surgeon innovator XXX Leila Jazayeri and Geoffrey C. Gurtner 36 Robotics, simulation, and telemedicine in plastic surgery XXX Joseph M. Rosen, Todd E. Burdette, Erin Donaldson, Robyn Mosher, Lindsay B. Katona, and Sarah A. Long Volume Two: Aesthetic Richard J. Warren 1 Managing the cosmetic patient XXXMichelle B. Locke and Foad Nahai Section I: Aesthetic Surgery of the Face 2 Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation XXXLeslie Baumann 3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) XXXMichael A.C. Kane 4 Soft-tissue fillers XXXTrevor M. Born, Lisa E. Airan, and Dimitrios Motakis 5 Facial skin resurfacing XXXSteven R. Cohen, Ryan C. Frank, and E. Victor Ross 6 Anatomy of the aging face XXXBryan Mendelson and Chin-Ho Wong 7 Forehead rejuvenation XXXRichard J. Warren 8 Blepharoplasty XXX Julius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis 9 Secondary blepharoplasty: Techniques XXX Glenn W. Jelks, Elizabeth B. Jelks, Ernest S. Chiu, and Douglas S. Steinbrech 10 Asian facial cosmetic surgery XXX Kyung S. Koh, Jong Woo Choi, and Clyde H. Ishii 11.1 Facelift: Principles XXX Richard J. Warren 11.2 Facelift: Introduction to deep tissue techniques XXX Richard J. Warren 11.3 Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication XXX Dai M. Davies and Miles G. Berry 11.4 Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop sutures, the MACS lift and its derivatives XXX Mark Laurence Jewell 11.5 Facelift: Lateral SMASectomy XXX Daniel C. Baker 11.6 Facelift: The extended SMAS technique in facial rejuvenation XXX James M. Stuzin 11.7 Facelift: SMAS with skin attached - the "high SMAS" technique XXX Fritz E. Barton Jr. 11.8 Facelift: Subperiosteal facelift XXX Oscar M. Ramirez 12 Secondary deformities and the secondary facelift XXX Timothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia 13 Neck rejuvenation XXX James E. Zins, Colin Myles Morrison, and Claude-Jean Langevin 14 Structural fat grafting XXX Sydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro 15 Skeletal augmentation XXX Michael J. Yaremchuk 16 Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery XXX Daniel I. Taub, Jordan M.S. Jacobs, and Jonathan S. Jacobs 17 Nasal analysis and anatomy XXX Joel E. Pessa and Rod J. Rohrich 18 Open technique rhinoplasty XXX Rod J. Rohrich and Jamil Ahmad 19 Closed technique rhinoplasty XXX Mark B. Constantian 20 Airway issues and the deviated nose XXX Bahman Guyuron and Bryan S. Armijo 21 Secondary rhinoplasty XXX Ronald P. Gruber, Simeon H. Wall Jr., David L. Kaufman, and David M. Kahn 22 Otoplasty XXX Charles H. Thorne 23 Hair restoration XXX Jack Fisher Section II: General Aesthetic Surgery 24 Liposuction: A comprehensive review of techniques and safety XXX Jeffrey M. Kenkel and Phillip J. Stephan 25 Abdominoplasty procedures XXX Dirk F. Richter and Alexander Stoff 26 Lipoabdominoplasty XXX Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha, Sergio Fernando Dantas de Azevedo, Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho, Cristianna Bonneto Saldanha, and Luis Humberto Uribe Morelli 27 Lower bodylifts XXX Al Aly, Khalid Al-Zahrani, and Albert Cram 28 Buttock augmentation XXX Terrence W. Bruner, Jose Abel de la Pena Salcedo, Constantino G. Mendieta, and Thomas L. Roberts III 29 Upper limb contouring XXX Joseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and Scott Woehrle 30 Post-bariatric reconstruction XXX Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin 31 Aesthetic genital surgery XXX Gary J. Alter Volume Three: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatric Plastic Surgery Part 1: Craniofacial, head and neck surgery: Eduardo D. Rodriguez 1 Anatomy of the head and neck XXXAhmed M. Afifi and Risal Djohan Section I: Craniofacial Trauma 2 Facial trauma: Soft tissue injuries XXXReid V. Mueller 3 Facial fractures XXXEduardo D. Rodriguez, Amir H. Dorafshar, and Paul N. Manson 4 TMJ dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea XXXStephen A. Schendel and Brinda Thimmappa Section II: Head and Neck Reconstruction 5 Scalp and forehead reconstruction XXX Mark D. Wells and Carla Skytta 6 Aesthetic nasal reconstruction XXX Frederick J. Menick 7 Reconstruction of the ear XXX Burton D. Brent 8 Acquired cranial and facial bone deformities XXX Renee M. Burke, Robert J. Morin, and S. Anthony Wolfe 9 Midface reconstruction XXX Constance M. Chen, Joseph J. Disa, and Peter G. Cordeiro 10 Cheek and lip reconstruction XXX Peter C. Neligan 11 Facial paralysis XXX Ronald M. Zuker, Eyal Gur, Gazi Hussain, and Ralph T. Manktelow 12 Oral cavity, tongue, and mandibular reconstructions XXX Ming-Huei Cheng and Jung-Ju Huang 13 Hypopharyngeal, esophageal, and neck reconstruction XXX Peirong Yu 14 Salivary gland tumors XXX Stephan Ariyan, Deepak Narayan, and Charlotte E. Ariyan 15 Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous dysplasia XXX You-Wei Cheong and Yu-Ray Chen 16 Tumors of the lips, oral cavity, oropharynx, and mandible XXX John Joseph Coleman III and Anthony P. Tufaro 17 Carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract XXX Michael E. Kupferman, Justin M. Sacks, and Edward I. Chang 18 Local flaps for facial coverage XXX Ian T. Jackson 19 Secondary facial reconstruction XXX Julian J. Pribaz and Rodney K. Chan 20 Facial transplant XXX Laurent Lantieri 21 Surgical management of migraine headaches XXX Bahman Guyuron and Ali Totonchi Part 2: Pediatric plastic surgery: Joseph E. Losee Section I: Clefts 22 Embryology of the craniofacial complex XXX Maryam Afshar, Samantha A. Brugmann, and Jill A. Helms 23 Repair of unilateral cleft lip XXX Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M. Samuel Noordhoff, and Alex Kane 24 Repair of bilateral cleft lip XXX John B. Mulliken 25 Cleft palate XXX William Y. Hoffman 26 Alveolar clefts XXX Richard A. Hopper 27 Orthodontics in cleft lip and palate management XXX Alvaro A. Figueroa and John W. Polley 28 Velopharyngeal dysfunction XXX Richard E. Kirschner and Adriane L. Baylis 29 Secondary deformities of the cleft lip, nose, and palate XXX Evan M. Feldman, John C. Koshy, Larry H. Hollier Jr., and Samuel Stal 30 Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery XXX Jesse A. Goldstein and Steven B. Baker Section II: Craniofacial 31 Pediatric facial fractures XXX Joseph E. Losee and Darren M. Smith 32 Orbital hypertelorism XXX Eric Arnaud, Daniel Marchac, Federico Di Rocco, and Dominique Renier 33 Craniofacial clefts XXX James P. Bradley and Henry K. Kawamoto Jr. 34 Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis XXX Derek M. Steinbacher and Scott P. Bartlett 35 Syndromic craniosynostosis XXX Jeffrey A. Fearon 36 Craniofacial microsomia XXX Joseph G. McCarthy, Barry H. Grayson, Richard A. Hopper, and Oren M. Tepper 37 Hemifacial atrophy XXX Peter J. Taub, Lester Silver, and Kathryn S.Torok 38 Pierre Robin sequence XXX Christopher G. Zochowski and Arun K. Gosain 39 Treacher-Collins syndrome XXX Fernando Molina Section III: Pediatrics 40 Congenital melanocytic nevi XXX Bruce S. Bauer and Neta Adler 41 Pediatric chest and trunk defects XXX Lawrence J. Gottlieb, Russell R. Reid, and Justine C. Lee 42 Pediatric tumors XXX Sahil Kapur and Michael L. Bentz 43 Conjoined twins XXX Oksana Jackson, David W. Low and Don LaRossa 44 Reconstruction of urogenital defects: Congenital XXX Mohan S. Gundeti and Michael C. Large Volume Four: Lower Extremity, Trunk and Burns David Song Section I: Lower Extremity Surgery 1 Comprehensive lower extremity anatomy XXXGinard I. Henry and Grant M. Kleiber 2 Management of lower extremity trauma XXXShannon Colohan and Michel Saint-Cyr 3 Lymphatic reconstruction of the extremities XXXRuediger G. H. Baumeister, David W. Chang, and Peter C. Neligan 4 Lower extremity sarcoma reconstruction XXX Goetz A.Giessler and Michael Sauerbier 5 Reconstructive surgery: Lower extremity coverage XXX Joon Pio Hong 6 Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and of nerve compression in the lower extremity XXX A. Lee Dellon 7 Skeletal reconstruction XXX Stephen J. Kovach and L. Scott Levin 8 Foot reconstruction XXX Mark W. Clemens, Lawrence B. Colen, and Christopher E. Attinger Section II: Trunk Surgery 9 Comprehensive trunk anatomy XXX Michael A. Howard and Sara R. Dickie 10 Reconstruction of the chest XXX David H. Song and Michelle C. Roughton 11 Reconstruction of the soft tissues of the back XXX Gregory A. Dumanian 12 Abdominal wall reconstruction XXX Navin K. Singh, Marwan R. Khalifeh, and Jonathan Bank 13 Reconstruction of male genital defects XXX Stan Monstrey, Peter Ceulemans, Nathalie Roche, Philippe Houtmeyers, Nicolas Lumen, and Piet Hoebeke 14 Reconstruction of acquired vaginal defects XXX Laura Snell, Peter G. Cordeiro, and Andrea L. Pusic 15 Surgery for gender identity disorder XXX Loren S. Schechter 16 Pressure sores XXX Robert Kwon and Jeffrey E. Janis 17 Perineal reconstruction XXX Hakim K. Said and Otway Louie Section III: Burns Surgery 18 Acute management of burn/electrical injuries XXX Lars Steinstraesser and Sammy Al-Benna 19 Extremity burn reconstruction XXX Lorenzo Borghese, Alessandro Masellis, and Michele Masellis 20 Cold and chemical injury to the upper extremity XXX Dennis S. Kao and John Hijjawi 21 Management of facial burns XXX Robert J. Spence 22 Reconstructive burn surgery XXX Matthew B. Klein 23 Management of patients with exfoliative disorders, epidermolysis bullosa, and TEN XXX Abdullah E. Kattan, Robert C. Cartotto, and Joel S. Fish Volume Five: Breast James C. Grotting 1 Anatomy for plastic surgery of the breast XXX Jorge I. de la Torre and Michael R. Davis Section I: Cosmetic Surgery of the Breast 2 Breast augmentation XXX G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel 3 Secondary breast augmentation XXX Mitchell H. Brown 4 Current concepts in revisionary breast surgery XXX G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel 5 Endoscopic approaches to the breast XXX Neil A. Fine and Clark F. Schierle 6 Iatrogenic disorders following breast surgery XXX Walter Peters 7 Mastopexy XXX Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting 8.1 Reduction mammaplasty XXX Jack Fisher and Kent K. Higdon 8.2 Inferior pedicle breast reduction XXX Jack Fisher 8.3 Superior or medial pedicle XXX Frank Lista and Jamil Ahmad 8.4 Short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction (SPAIR) mammaplasty XXX Dennis C. Hammond 8.5 The L short-scar mammaplasty XXX Armando Chiari Jr. 8.6 Periareolar technique with mesh support XXX Joao Carlos Sampaio Goes 8.7 Sculpted pillar vertical reduction mammaplasty XXX Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting 9 Revision surgery following breast reduction and mastopexy XXX Kenneth C. Shestak Section II: Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast 10 Breast cancer: Diagnosis therapy and oncoplastic techniques XXX Elisabeth Beahm and Julie E. Lang 11 The oncoplastic approach to partial breast reconstruction XXX Albert Losken 12 Patient-centered health communication XXX Gary L. Freed, Alice Andrews, and E. Dale Collins Vidal 13 Imaging in reconstructive breast surgery XXX Jaume Masia, Carmen Navarro, and Juan A. Clavero 14 Expander-implants breast reconstruction XXX Maurizio B. Nava, Giuseppe Catanuto, Angela Pennati, Valentina Visintini Cividin, and Andrea Spano 15 Latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction XXX Scott L. Spear and Mark W. Clemens 16 The bilateral pedicled TRAM flap XXX L. Franklyn Elliott, John D. Symbas, and Hunter R. Moyer 17 Free TRAM breast reconstruction XXX Joshua Fosnot and Joseph M. Serletti 18 The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap XXX Phillip N. Blondeel, Colin M. Morrison, and Robert J. Allen 19 Alternative flaps for breast reconstruction XXX Maria M. LoTempio, Robert J. Allen, and Phillip N. Blondeel 20 Omentum reconstruction of the breast XXX Joao Carlos Sampaio Goes and Antonio Luiz Vasconcellos Macedo 21 Local flaps in partial breast reconstruction XXX Moustapha Hamdi and Eugenia J. Kyriopoulos 22 Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex XXX Ketan M. Patel and Maurice Y. Nahabedian 23.1 Congenital anomalies of the breast XXX Egle Muti 23.2 Poland syndrome XXX Pietro Berrino and Valeria Berrino 24 Contouring of the arms, breast, upper trunk, and male chest in the massive weight loss patient XXX Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin 25 Fat grafting to the breast XXX Henry Wilson and Scott L. Spear Volume Six: Hand and Upper Extremity James Chang Introduction: Plastic surgery contributions to hand surgery XXX James Chang Section I: Introduction and Principles 1 Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand XXX James Chang, Francisco Valero-Cuevas, Vincent R. Hentz, and Robert A. Chase 2 Examination of the upper extremity XXX Ryosuke Kakinoki 3 Diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist XXX Alphonsus K. Chong and David M.K. Tan 4 Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery XXX Jonay Hill, Vanila M. Singh and Subhro K. Sen 5 Principles of internal fixation as applied to the hand and wrist XXX Jeffrey Yao and Christopher Cox Section II: Acquired Traumatic Disorders 6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction XXX Michael W. Neumeister, Elvin G. Zook, Nicole Z. Sommer, and Theresa A. Hegge 7 Hand fractures and joint injuries XXX Warren C. Hammert 8 Fractures and dislocations of the wrist and distal radius XXX Kevin C. Chung and Steven C. Haase 9 Flexor tendon injury and reconstruction XXX Jin Bo Tang 10 Extensor tendon injuries XXX Kai Megerle and Gunther Germann 11 Replantation and revascularization XXX William W. Dzwierzynski 12 Reconstructive surgery of the mutilated hand XXX William C. Pederson and Randolph Sherman 13 Thumb reconstruction: Nonmicrosurgical techniques XXX Nicholas B. Vedder and Jeffrey B. Friedrich 14 Thumb and finger reconstruction: Microsurgical techniques XXX Fu Chan Wei and Wee Leon Lam Section III: Acquired Nontraumatic Disorders 15 Benign and malignant tumors of the hand XXX Justin M. Sacks, Kodi K. Azari, Scott Oates, and David W. Chang 16 Infections of the hand XXX Sean M. Bidic and Tim Schaub 17 Management of Dupuytren's disease XXX Andrew J. Watt and Caroline Leclercq 18 Occupational hand disorders XXX Steven J. McCabe 19 Rheumatologic conditions of the hand and wrist XXX Douglas M. Sammer and Kevin C. Chung 20 Osteoarthritis in the hand and wrist XXX Brian T. Carlsen, Karim Bakri, Faisal M. Al-Mufarrej and Steven L. Moran 21 The stiff hand and the spastic hand XXX David T. Netscher 22 Ischemia of the hand XXX Hee Chang Ahn and Neil F. Jones 23 Complex regional pain syndrome in the upper extremity XXX Ivica Ducic and John M. Felder III 24 Nerve entrapment syndromes XXX Michael Bezuhly, James P. O'Brien and Donald Lalonde Section IV: Congenital Disorders 25 Congenital hand I: Embryology, classification, and principles XXX Michael Tonkin and Kerby Oberg 26 Congenital hand II: Disorders of formation (transverse and longitudinal arrest) XXX Gill Smith and Paul Smith 27 Congenital hand III: Disorders of formation - thumb hypoplasia XXX Joseph Upton III and Amir Taghinia 28 Congenital hand IV: Disorders of differentiation and duplication XXX Steven E.R. Hovius 29 Congenital hand V: Disorders of overgrowth, undergrowth, and generalized skeletal deformities XXX Leung Kim Hung, Ping Chung Leung, and Takayuki Miura (Addendum by Michael Tonkin) 30 Growth considerations in pediatric upper extremity trauma and reconstruction XXX Marco Innocenti and Carla Baldrighi 31 Vascular anomalies of the upper extremity XXX Joseph Upton III Section V: Paralytic Disorders 32 Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity XXX Simon Farnebo, Johan Thorfinn, and Lars B. Dahlin 33 Nerve transfers XXX Kirsty U. Boyd, Ida K. Fox, and Susan E. Mackinnon 34 Tendon transfers in the upper extremity XXX Neil F. Jones 35 Free-functioning muscle transfer in the upper extremity XXX Isaac Harvey and Gregory H. Borschel 36 Brachial plexus injuries: Adult and pediatric XXX David Chwei-Chin Chuang 37 Restoration of upper extremity function in tetraplegia XXX Catherine Curtin and Vincent R. Hentz Section VI: Rehabilitation 38 Upper extremity composite allotransplantation XXX Vijay S. Gorantla, Stefan S. Schneeberger, and W.P. Andrew Lee 39 Hand therapy XXX Christine B. Novak and Rebecca L. von der Heyde 40 Treatment of the upper extremity amputee XXX Gregory A. Dumanian and Todd A. Kuiken Index to all volumes iXXX-iXXX