The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life (eBook)

1Noise and Marine Life: Progress From Nyborg to Cork in Science and Technology to Inform Decision MakingBrandon L. Southall2Listening Backward – Early Days of Marine BioacousticsWilliam N. TavolgaSection 2 – Sound Detection by Aquatic Animals3Effects of Underwater Noise on Marine MammalsChristine Erbe4Psychophysical Studies of Auditory Masking in Marine Mammals: Key Concepts and New DirectionsColleen Reichmuth5On the Relationship Between Environmental Noise, Critical Ratios, and Comodulation Masking Release in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)Brian K. Branstetter, Jennifer S. Trickey, and James J. Finneran6Direct Measurements of Subjective Loudness in a Bottlenose DolphinCarolyn E. Schlundt and James J. Finneran7High Auditory Time Resolution in Bottlenose Dolphins Is Effective Protection Against ReverberationGennadi Zaslavski8Frequency Selectivity in the Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory SystemGennadi Zaslavski9Auditory Brain Stem Responses Associated with Echolocation in an Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)Songhai Li, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Marlee Breese10Hearing, Noise, and Echolocating OdontocetesPaul E.Nachtigall, Alexander Y. Supin,  and Marlee Breese11Evoked Potential Audiometry in Aquatic MammalsAlexander Y. Supin12Prediction of a Mysticete Audiogram via Finite Element Analysis of the Middle EarAndrew Tubelli, Aleks Zosuls, Darlene Ketten, and David C. Mountain13Reverse Engineering the Cetacean Ear to Extract AudiogramsAleks Zosuls, Seth O. Newburg, Darlene R. Ketten, and David C. Mountain14Validation of a Vibroacoustic Finite Element Model Using Bottlenose Dolphin ExperimentsPetr Krysl, Vanessa Trijoulet, and Ted W. Cranford15Acoustic Function in the Peripheral Auditory System of Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)Ted W. Cranford and Petr Krysl16Auditory Evoked Potential Measurement of Hearing Sensitivity in PinnipedsJason Mulsow, Colleen Reichmuth, Dorian Houser, and James J. Finneran17Hearing in Birds: What Changes From Air to Water Robert J. Dooling and Sara C. Therrien18Amphibious Hearing in Sea TurtlesWendy E. Dow Piniak, David A. Mann, Scott A. Eckert, and Craig A. Harms19Hearing Capabilities of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Throughout OntogenyAshley L. Lavender, Soraya M. Bartol, and Ian K. Bartol20Are Sharks Even Bothered by a Noisy Environment?Brandon M. Casper, Michele B. Halvorsen, and Arthur N. Popper21Optimal Auditory Sensitivity Under Variable Background Noise Conditions: A Theoretical ModelMarco Lugli22A Critical Reevaluation of the Role of Acoustic Pressure in Source Localization by FishPeter H. Rogers, James S. Martin, and John R. Bogle23Vibration of the Otoliths in a TeleostCarl R. Schilt, Ted W. Cranford, Petr Krysl, Robert E. Shadwick, and Anthony D. Hawkins24Hearing Sensitivity of the Painted Goby, Pomatoschistus pictusMarta Bolgan, Silvia S. Pedroso, Raquel O. Vasconcelos, Joana M. Jordão, M. Clara P. Amorim, and Paulo J. Fonseca25Acoustic Communication in Pomatoschistus spp.: A Comparison Between Closely Related SpeciesSilvia S. Pedroso, Marta Bolgan, Joana M. Jordão, Paulo J. Fonseca, and M. Clara P. Amorim26The Importance of Hearing for Survival of Danio rerio (Zebrafish) in an Experimental Predator/Prey Environment Rikke Agner Jørgensen, Christian Brandt, Magnus Wahlberg, and Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard27Lateral Line Canal Morphology and Noise ReductionAdrian T. Klein and Horst Bleckmann28Potential for Sound Sensitivity in Cephalopods T. Aran Mooney, Roger Hanlon, Peter T. Madsen, Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard, Darlene R. Ketten, and Paul E. Nachtigall29Listening in NoiseRichard R. Fay30Discovery of Sound in the Sea: An On-line ResourceKathleen J. Vigness-Raposa, Gail Scowcroft, James H. Miller, and Darlene KettenSection 3 - Sound Production by Aquatic Animals31Whistles of Bottlenose Dolphins: Group Repertoires and Geographic Variations in Brazilian WatersLisa S. Hoffmann, Elton Ferlin, Pedro F. Fruet, Rodrigo C. Genovês, Fernanda P. Valdez, Juliana Di Tullio, Glauco Caon, and Thales R. Freitas32Detection and Classification of Vocalizations for the Study of Marine Mammal Distributions in the Chukchi SeaDavid Hannay33Acoustic Ecology and Behavior of Minke Whales in the Hawaiian and Marianas Islands: Localization, Abundance Estimation and Characterization of Minke Whale ”Boings”Thomas Norris, Stephen Martin, Len Thomas, Tina Yack, Julie N. Oswald, Eva-Marie Nosal, and Vincent Janik34What You See Is Not What You Hear: The Relationship Between Odontocete Echolocation Click Production and HearingLaura N. Kloepper, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Marlee Breese35Sound Production and Reception in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)Asila Ghoul and Colleen Reichmuth36Nocturnal Acoustic Activity in the Shallow Waters of the WWF-Miramare Natural Marine Reserve (Trieste, Italy) Antonio Codarin, Marta Picciulin, Linda Sebastianutto, Giuliana Calcagno, Maurizio Spoto, and Enrico A. Ferrero37Acoustic Ecology of the California Mantis Shrimp (Hemisquilla californiensis)Erica R. Staaterman, Christopher W. Clark, Austin J. Gallagher, Thomas Claverie, Maya S. deVries, and Sheila N. Patek38Influence of Turbidity on the Incidence of Sound Production in Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) in Pamlico Sound, North CarolinaCecilia S. Krahforst, John P. Walsh, Mark W. Sprague, Devon O. Eulie, D. Reide Corbett, and Joseph J. Luczkovich39Propagation of Lusitanian Toadfish Sounds in Estuarine Shallow WatersAndreia Ramos, M. Clara P. Amorim, and Paulo J. Fonseca40Sound Production in Some Physostomous Fish Species and Effects of Biological Sounds on FishMichail Y. Kuznetsov and Yury A. Kuznetsov41Is Biological Sound Production Important in the Deep Sea?Rodney A. Rountree, Francis Juanes, Clifford A. Goudey, and Kenneth E. Ekstrom42Unusual and Unexpected Biological Noisemakers in the Irish Sea and St. George’s ChannelRodney Coates, Gillian A. Coates, Rachel Porter, Andrew Davies, and Dylan EvansSection 4 - Physiological Effects of Sounds 43Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: From Animal Models to Human Trials Colleen G. Le Prell44Auditory Effects of Underwater Noise in OdontocetesJames J. Finneran45Implementation of Acoustic Dosimeters With Recoverable Month-Long GPS/TDR Tags to Interpret Controlled-Exposure Experiments for Large WhalesBruce R. Mate46Marine Mammal Auditory System Noise Impacts:  Evidence and IncidenceDarlene R. Ketten47Effect of Broadband Sounds on the Auditory Evoked Potential Thresholds in the Beluga WhaleVladimir V. Popov and Alexander Y. Supin48The ESME Workbench: Simulating the Impact of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine MammalsDavid C. Mountain, David Anderson, Andrew Brughera, Matthew Cross, Dorian S. Houser, Nael Musleh, Michael Porter, and Martin Siderius49Using EarLab to Study Masking Due to Anthropogenic SoundDavid C. Mountain, David Anderson, and Andrew Brughera50Portable Auditory Evoked Potential System to Assess Odontocete HearingAude F. Pacini, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Laura N. Kloepper51Barotrauma in Fish and Barotrauma MetricsThomas J. Carlson52Assessment of Barotrauma Injury and Cumulative Sound Exposure Level on Salmon After Exposure to Impulsive SoundMichele B. Halvorsen, Brandon M. Casper, Thomas J. Carlson, Christa M. Woodley, and Arthur N. Popper53Shipboard Assessment of Hearing Sensitivity of Tropical Fishes Immediately After Exposure to Seismic Air Gun Emissions at Scott ReefMardi C. Hastings and Jennifer Miksis-Olds54A Lack of Correlation Between Air Gun Signal Pressure Waveforms and Fish Hearing DamageRobert D. McCauley and Chandra Salgado Kent55Effects of Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Boat Noise on Cortisol Levels in Juvenile FishIlaria Spiga, Joe Fox, and Robert Benson56Potential Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Boat Noise on the Growth, Survival, and Nutrient Retention in Juvenile FishIlaria Spiga, Joe Fox, and Robert Benson57Predicting Hearing Loss in FishesMichael E. Smith58Effects of Pile-Driving Noise on Oncorhynchus mykiss (Steelhead Trout)Richard Oestman and Christopher J. EarleSection 5 - Anthropogenic Sounds and Behavior59Controlled Exposure Study of Dolphins and Sea Lions to Midfrequency Sonarlike SignalsDorian Houser, Laura Yeates, Daniel Crocker, Stephen W. Martin, and James J. Finneran60A Direct Comparison of Bottlenose Dolphin and Common Dolphin Behavior During Seismic Surveys When Air Guns Are and Are Not Being Utilized Sarah B. Barry, Anna C. Cucknell, and Nicola Clark61Behavioral Reactions of Harbor Porpoise to Pile-Driving NoiseJakob Tougaard, Line A. Kyhn, Mats Amundin, Daniel Wennerberg, and Carolina Bordin62Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)Miriam J. Brandt, Ansgar Diederichs, Klaus Betke, and Georg Nehls63Evaluating the Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Phocoena phocoena (Harbor Porpoise) by Using Passive Acoustic MonitoringKlaus Lucke, Michael Dähne, Sven Adler, Anja Brandecker, Kathrin Krügel, Janne K. Sundermeyer, and Ursula Siebert64Effects of Underwater Explosions on Presence and Habitat Use of Harbor Porpoises in the German Baltic SeaJanne K. Sundermeyer, Klaus Lucke, Michael Dähne, Anja Gallus, Kathrin Krügel, and Ursula Siebert65Behavioral-Response Studies: Problems With Statistical PowerRebecca A. Dunlop, Michael J. Noad, and Douglas H. Cato66Detection and Tracking of Whales Using a Shipborne, 360° Thermal-Imaging SystemElke Burkhardt, Lars Kindermann, Daniel Zitterbart, and Olaf Boebel67Distribution of Bowhead Whale Calls Near an Oil Production Island With Fluctuating Underwater SoundW. John Richardson, Trent L. McDonald, Charles R. Greene, Jr., Susanna B. Blackwell, and Bill Streever68Assessment of the Effect of Natural and Anthropogenic Aquatic Noise on Vaquita (Phocoena sinus) Through a Numerical SimulationGiovanni Castellazzi, Petr Krysl, Lorenzo Rojas, and Ted W. Cranford69Impacts of Anthropogenic Sounds on Phocoena phocoena (Harbor Porpoise)Ronald Kastelein and Nancy Jennings70Changes in Vocal Behavior of North Atlantic Right Whales in Increased Noise Susan E. Parks, Mack P. Johnson, Douglas P. Nowacek, and Peter L. Tyack71Acoustic Compensation to Shipping and Air Gun Noise by Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus)Manuel Castellote, Christopher W. Clark, and Marc O. Lammers72Long–Term Monitoring of Anthropogenic Noise and Its Relationship to Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Distribution in the Cres–Lošinj Archipelago, Northern Adriatic, CroatiaNikolina Rako, Marta Picciulin, Peter Mackelworth, Draško Holcer, and Caterina Maria Fortuna73Does Vessel Noise Affect the Use of Sound by Foraging Orcinus orca (Killer Whales)? Marla M. Holt, Dawn P. Noren, and Candice K. Emmons74Do Silent Ships See More Fish? Comparison of a Noise-Reduced and a Conventional Research Vessel in AlaskaAlex De Robertis, Christopher D. Wilson, and Neal J. Williamson75Behavioral Observations of Baleen Whales in Proximity of a Modern Fishing VesselMatteo Bernasconi, Ruben Patel, and Leif Nøttestad76Assessing Effects of an Acoustic Marine Geophysical Survey on the Locomotive Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatusSylvia E. van der Woude77Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Cook Inlet, AlaskaMarc O. Lammers, Robert Small, Shannon Atkinson, Manuel Castellote, Justin Jenniges, Anne Rosinski, Sue Moore, Chris Garner, and Whitlow W. L. Au78Soundscape of a Nearshore Coral Reef Near an Urban CenterWhitlow W. L. Au, Michael Richlen, and Marc O. Lammers79Gap Durations in Ambient Noise Impact the Communication Range of Harp Seals: A Pilot StudyJohn M. Terhune 80Importance of Underwater Sounds for Migration of Fish and Aquatic Mammals Ilse van Opzeeland and Hans Slabbekoorn81Behavioral Responses of Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) to Recreational Boat SoundsLori A. Lester, Edward A. Standora, Walter F. Bien, and Harold W. Avery82Peter A. Cott, David A. Mann, Dennis M. Higgs, Tom A. Johnston, and John M. Gunn83Impacts of River-Based Air Gun Seismic Activity on Northern FishesPeter A. Cott, Arthur N. Popper, David A. Mann, John K. Jorgenson, and Bruce W. Hanna84Effects of Underwater Noise on Larval settlementJenni A. Stanley, Craig A. Radford, and Andrew G. Jeffs85Does Vessel Noise Change the Calling Rate and Intensity of Soniferous Fishes? Joseph J. Luczkovich, Cecilia S. Krahforst, and Mark W. Sprague86Behavioral Responses of Captive Herring to Sonar Signals (1-1.6 kHz) of a Naval Frigate Throughout a Yearly CycleLise Doksæter, Petter H. Kvadsheim, Nils O. Handegard, Nina Nordlund, and Olav R. Godø87Acoustic Tagging: A Suitable Method for the Study of Natural Herring Behavior Around Spawning?Lise Langård, Arne Johannessen, Anders Fernö, Leif Nøttestad, Georg Skaret, Aril Slotte, Jostein Røttingen, and Jan T. Øvredal88The Effects of Pile Driving on the Behavior of Cod and SoleFrank Thomsen, Christina Mueller-Blenkle, Andrew Gill, Julian Metcalfe, Peter K. McGregor, Victoria Bendall,  Mathias H. Andersson, Peter Sigray, and Daniel Wood89A Novel Field Study Setup to Investigate the Behavior of Fish Related to SoundChristina Mueller-Blenkle, Andrew B. Gill, Peter K. McGregor, Mathais H. Andersson, Peter Sigray, Victoria Bendall, Julian Metcalfe, and Frank Thomsen90Do Ocean-Based Wind Farms Alter the Migration Pattern in the Endangered European Silver Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Due to Noise Disturbance?Mathias H. Andersson, Ingvar Lagenfelt, and Peter Sigray91Effects of Vessel Engine Noise on the Acoustic Signaling Behavior of Dascyllus albisella (Hawaiian Damselfish)Pollyanna I. Fisher-Pool, Marc O. Lammers, and Lisa M. Munger92Distribution and Potential Impact of Boat Noise on Fish Sound Production From an Autonomous Acoustic Array in the Eastern Gulf of MexicoCarrie C. Wall, Peter Simard, and David A. Mann93Cichlid Courtship Acoustics: Signals and Noise Influence Reproductive Behavior Hans Slabbekoorn, Machteld Verzijden, and Christina May94Using Catch Statistics to Investigate effects of Seismic Activity on Fish Catch RatesAud Vold, Sven Løkkeborg, and Maria M. Tenningen95Effects of Sounds From Seismic Air Guns on Fish Behavior and Catch RatesSvein Løkkeborg, Egil Ona, Aud Vold, and Are SalthaugSection 6 – Population Effects96A Bioenergetics Approach to Developing a Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance ModelDaniel P. Costa 97Energetic Cost of Behaviors Performed in Response to Vessel Disturbance: One Link in the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance ModelDawn P. Noren, Robin C. Dunkin, Terri M. Williams, and Marla M. HoltSection 7 - Anthropogenic Sound Sources and Their Measurement 98A Common Sense Approach to Source Metrics William T. Ellison and Adam S. Frankel99Underwater Sounds from Unattenuated and Attenuated Marine Pile DrivingJames Reyff100What is the Source Level of Pile-Driving Noise in Water?Michael A. Ainslie, Christ A. F. de Jong, Stephen P. Robinson, and Paul A. Lepper101Ground Roll Waves as a Potential Influence on Fish: Measurement and Analysis TechniquesRichard A. Hazelwood102Assessment of Cumulative Sound Exposure Levels for Marine Piling EventsPaul A. Lepper, Stephen P. Robinson, Michael A. Ainslie, Pete D. Theobald, and Christ A. F. de Jong103Modeling the Propagation of Transient Sounds in Very Shallow Water Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) CalculationsMark W. Sprague and Joseph J. Luczkovich104Proximate Measurements of Acoustic Emissions Associated with the Installation and Operation of an Exploration Jack-up Drilling Rig in the North SeaVictoria L. G. Todd and Paul R. White105Measurement of Underwater Noise Arising From Marine Aggregate OperationsStephen P. Robinson, Pete D. Theobald, Paul A. Lepper, Gary Hayman, Victor F. Humphrey, Lian-Sheng Wang, and Samantha Mumford106Svein Vaage Broadband Air Gun StudyAnders Mattsson, Gregg Parkes, and David Hedgeland107Cetacean Hearing-Damage Zones Around a Seismic SourceRobert Laws108Modeling Cumulative Sound Exposure Over Large Areas, Multiple Sources, and Long DurationsChristine Erbe109Sound Recording Systems for Measuring Sound Levels During Seismic SurveysJan Tore Øvredal and Bjorn Totland110First Description of the Sound Pressure and Particle Velocity Components of the Ambient Noise and Boat Noise Recorded at the WWF-Miramare Natural Marine Reserve, Trieste, Italy Angelo Farina, Adriano Farina, Enrico Armelloni, Linda Sebastianutto, Carlo Franzosini, and Marta Picciulin111Underwater Particle Acceleration Induced by a Wind Turbine in the Baltic SeaPeter Sigray and Mathias H. Andersson112Is the Ocean Really Getting Louder?Michael Stocker, Tom ReuterdahlSection 8 - Science, Regulation and Sound Exposure Criteria113The Complexity of Noise Impact Assessments: From Birdsong to Fish BehaviorHans Slabbekoorn114Extrapolating Beyond Chinchillas: Behavioral Response Ambiguity Through the Lens of Variable Human Responses to Moderate Wind Farm NoiseJim Cummings115Underwater Noise Effects From Wave Energy Devices on Marine Mammals: A Possible ApproachSofia Patricio116Physical Biologists and Biological Physicists: Combining Biology and Physics in Research on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic LifeDouglas H. Cato117“So, Am I Correct in My Understanding That a Decibel Is the Same as a Hertz?”: The Quest for Informed, Objective Environmental Impact Analysis of Marine Anthropogenic NoiseJohn F. Polglaze118Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation: Effect on a Noise BudgetJames H. Miller, Gopu R. Potty, Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa, David Casagrande, Lisa A. Miller, Jeffrey A. Nystuen, Peter M. Scheifele, and John G. Clark119Development and Implementation of Criteria for Exposure of Western Gray Whales to Oil and Gas Industry NoiseDouglas P. Nowacek, Alexander Vedenev, Brandon L. Southall, and Roberto Racca120Strategic Assessment of the Risk Posed to Marine Mammals by the Use of Air Guns in the Antarctic: Concepts, Methods, Results, and ControversiesOlaf Boebel, Monika Breitzke, Elke Burkhardt, and Horst Bornemann121Establishing a Safety Zone for Marine Mammals due to Underwater BlastingNorm Broner and Mike Huber122The Marine Mammal Protection Act: A Regulatory Approach to Identifying and Minimizing Acoustic-Related Impacts on Marine MammalsJaclyn N. Daly and Jolie Harrison123Noise-Related Stress and Cumulative Impact AssessmentAndrew J. Wright124Interim Criteria for Injury to Fish From Pile-Driving Activities: Recent ExperiencesRichard Rodkin, Keith Pommerenck, and James Reyff125Marine Mammal Acoustics Exposure Analysis Models Used in US Navy Environmental Impact StatementsDouglas Wartzok, Christine Erbe, Wayne M. Getz, and Jeanette Thomas126Status of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Guidelines for Assessing Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine MammalsAmy R. Scholik-Schlomer127Regulatory Assessments of the Effects of Noise: Moving From Threshold Shift and Injury to BehaviorCraig E. Johnson128United States Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement: Filling Data Gaps to Better Understand the Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Life Jill Lewandowski, Elizabeth Burkhard, Kimberly Skrupky, and Deborah Epperson129Regulation of Sound in the Ocean: Recent and Future Possible ChangesMark L. Tasker130Marine Bioacoustics and the Regulation of FisheriesYury A. Kuznetsov, Lev N. Bocharov, Valeriy N. Akulin, and Michail Y. Kuznetsov131Update From the OEER Association on Research Findings Associated With the Assessment of the Impacts of Seismic Exploration on Marine InvertebratesJennifer M. Matthews132Managing Underwater Noise in European Waters: Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework DirectiveMark Tasker, Mats Amundin, Michel Andre, Anthony D. Hawkins, William Lang, Thomas Merck, Amy Scholik-Schlomer, Jonas Teilmann, Frank Thomsen, Stefanie Werner, and Manell ZakhariaSection 9 - Monitoring, Management and Mitigation133Acoustic-Based Cetacean Detection in Irish WatersEugene McKeown134Real-Time Monitoring of Noise in Cetacean Acoustic Niches  Michel André, Mike van der Schaar, Serge Zaugg, Ludwig Houégnigan, Antonio Sánchez, Alex Mas, and Joan V. Castell135What Does Ecosystem Acoustics Reveal About Marine Mammals in the Bering Sea?Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, Jeffrey A. Nystuen, and Susan E. Parks136Ship Traffic Noise Distribution in the Strait of Gibraltar: An Exemplary Case for Monitoring Global Ocean Noise With Real-Time Technology Now Available for Understanding the Effects of Noise on Marine LifeThomas Folegot137Are There Technological Alternatives to Air Guns for Oil and Gas Exploration to Reduce Potential Noise Impacts on Cetaceans?Linda Weilgart138Modeling Cumulative Sound Exposure Along a Seismic Line to Assess the Risk of Seismic Research Surveys on Marine Mammals in the Antarctic Treaty AreaMonika Breitzke and Thomas Bohlen139North Atlantic Treaty Organization Marine Mammal Risk Mitigation Principles and GuidelinesKendra L. Ryan and Stephane Jespers140Mitigating Impacts of Underwater Noise From Dredging on Beluga Whales in Cook Inlet, AlaskaChristopher A. Hoffman141Exploration and Production Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Programme: Research Progress and ApplicationsJennifer L. Michael, John Campbell, David Hedgeland, Michael Jenkerson, H. Rodger Melton, Lori Notor, Russell D. Tait, Sarah L. Tsoflias, and Gary Wolinsky142Managing Anthropogenic Underwater Noise in the Northwest Territories, Canada   Bruce W. Hanna, Peter A. Cott, Amanda A. Joynt, and Lois Harwood143SIRENA '10 – Beyond the MediterraneanJeffery Haun, Kendra Ryan, Arnold B-Nagy144Planning is Critical to Ensure Effective Mitigation of Naval ActivitiesSarah J. Dolman145Standardizing Protected Species Observer Requirements in the United StatesKyle Baker, Deborah Epperson, Howard Goldstein, Kimberly Skrupky, Brad Smith, Gregg Gitschlag, Jill Lewandowski, and Teresa Turk146Using Passive Acoustics to Monitor the Presence of Marine Mammals During Naval ExercisesAnurag Kumar,  Jene Nissen, Joel Bell, and Mandy Shoemaker147Development of a National Database and Standards for Protected Species Observer Data in the United States of AmericaHoward Goldstein, Deborah Epperson, Kyle Baker, Kimberly Skrupky, Brad Smith, Gregg Gitschlag, J Lewandowski, and Teresa Turk148Coordinated Management of Anthropogenic Noise From Offshore Construction off Sakhalin Island for Protection of the Western Gray WhaleRoberto RaccaSection 10 – Workshops and Concluding Remarks149Workshop 1: Risk Analysis Thomas J. Carlson, Christ de Jong, and Rene P. A. Dekeling150Workshop 2: Long-Term and Cumulative Effects of Acoustic Exposure Along With Other StressorsRobert Gisiner and George Frisk151Workshop 2: Approaches to Behavioral Analysis of Responses to High-Energy Acoustic SourcesSvein Løkkeborg and Frank Thomsen152Workshop 4: International Regulatory Issues Amy R. Scholik-Schlomer and Camille Mageau153Summing UpRoger L. Gentry