Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications (eBook)
XXIV, 244 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-1-4614-1228-1 (ISBN)
Glass ceramics are a special group of materials in which a base glass can be crystallized under carefully controlled conditions, which in turn determine the properties of the material. These materials offer a wide range of physical and mechanical properties combining the distinctive characteristics of sintered ceramics and glasses. This book provides readers with an interest in medical ceramics with the ability to start making their own glasses and glass ceramics, together with an understanding of the various factors that control the final properties of these medical and dental materials. In addition, the authors describe various industrial problems with current, clinically-used medical glass ceramics and discuss appropriate scientific solutions.
Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications will appeal to a broad audience of biomaterials scientists, ceramists, and bioengineers, particularly those with an interest in orthopedic and dental applications, as well as scientists and engineers involved in the manufacture of glasses, glazes, enamels, and other glass coatings for the medical materials industry. The book will also be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students in materials engineering and dentistry, and is suitable for use in courses on medical and dental materials.
Glass ceramics are a special group of materials in which a base glass can be crystallized under carefully controlled conditions, which in turn determine the properties of the material. These materials offer a wide range of physical and mechanical properties combining the distinctive characteristics of sintered ceramics and glasses. This book provides readers with an interest in medical ceramics with the ability to start making their own glasses and glass ceramics, together with an understanding of the various factors that control the final properties of these medical and dental materials. In addition, the authors describe various industrial problems with current, clinically-used medical glass ceramics and discuss appropriate scientific solutions.Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications will appeal to a broad audience of biomaterials scientists, ceramists, and bioengineers, particularly those with an interest in orthopedic and dental applications, as well as scientists and engineers involved in the manufacture of glasses, glazes, enamels, and other glass coatings for the medical materials industry. The book will also be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students in materials engineering and dentistry, and is suitable for use in courses on medical and dental materials.
Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications 3
Preface 5
Contents 9
List of Tables 17
List of Figures 21
Part I: Introduction to Medical Ceramics 25
Chapter 1: History, Market and Classification of Bioceramics 26
1.1 Bioceramics 26
1.2 Classification of Bioceramics 29
1.2.1 Biopassive (Bioinert) and Bioactive Materials 29
1.3 Mechanisms of Bioactivity 30
1.3.1 Formation of a Silica-Rich Surface Layer 31
1.3.2 Direct Precipitation of Apatite 31
1.3.3 Protein Mediation 31
1.4 Biopassive Ceramics 31
1.5 Bioactive Ceramics 33
1.6 Resorbable Bioceramics 34
1.7 Currently Used Glasses and Glass Ceramics 34
1.7.1 Bioactive Glasses 34
1.7.2 Glass–Ceramics 36
1.7.3 Dental Ceramics 37
Chapter 2: Selection Criteria of Ceramics for Medical Applications 41
2.1 Biocompatibility 41
2.2 Radioactivity 42
2.3 Esthetics 42
2.4 Refractive Index 43
2.5 Chemical Solubility 44
2.6 Mechanical Properties 46
2.6.1 Tensile Strength 47
2.6.2 Flexural Strength 48
2.6.3 Biaxial Flexural Strength 49
2.6.4 Fracture Toughness 50
2.6.4.1 Single-Edge Notch 50
2.6.4.2 Indentation Method 51
2.6.5 Microhardness 51
2.6.6 Machinability 53
2.7 Thermal Behavior 54
2.7.1 Thermal Expansion 55
2.7.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 57
Chapter 3: Grouping of Ions in Ceramic Solids 59
3.1 Ceramic Solids 59
3.2 The Structure of the Atom 60
3.3 Formation of Ions and Ionic Compounds 60
3.4 The Ionic Size 61
3.5 Coordination Number 62
3.6 Electronegativity 63
3.7 Bonding of Ions in Ceramic Solids 63
3.8 The Ionic Bond Strength 64
3.9 Prediction of the Ionic Packing Structure 64
3.10 Stability of the Coordination Structure 67
3.11 Solid Solutions 68
3.12 Model of Solid Solutions 70
3.13 The Feldspar Solid Solution Using Rules of Ions Grouping 71
3.14 The Basic Structural Units of Silicates 71
3.14.1 Neosilicates (Single Tetrahedra) 72
3.14.2 Sorosilicates (Double Tetrahedra) 73
3.14.3 Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates) 73
3.14.4 Inosilicates (Chain Structure Silicates) 74
3.14.5 Phyllosilicates (Sheet Structure Silicates) 74
3.14.6 Tectosilicates (Framework Silicates) 75
Further Reading 76
Part II: Manufacturing of Medical Glasses 77
Chapter 4: Formulation of Medical Glasses 78
4.1 Glass Chemical Compositions 78
4.2 The Glass Stoichiometry 79
4.3 Factors Affecting the Glass Stoichiometry 80
4.4 Industrial Factors Affecting Glass Stoichiometry 81
4.5 Replacement of Oxygen by Fluorine in Glass Chemical Compositions 82
4.6 Information Needed for Glass Calculations 83
4.7 Calculation of Glass Chemical Compositions 84
4.8 Glass Chemical Composition in wt% (Weight Composition) 84
4.8.1 Information Needed for Calculation 84
4.8.2 Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in wt% 85
4.9 Glass Chemical Composition in mol% (The Molar Composition) 86
4.9.1 Definition of a Mole 86
4.9.1.1 Why We Need to Calculate the Molar Chemical Composition (in mol%) of Glass 87
4.9.2 Steps of Calculation of the Chemical Composition in mol% 87
4.10 Conversion of Molar Composition (mol%) to Weight Composition (wt%) 88
4.11 Conversion of Weight Composition (wt%) to Molar Composition (mol%) 88
4.12 Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition of K-Fluorrichterite 89
4.12.1 Information Needed for Calculation 89
4.12.1.1 Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in wt% Using MgF 2 as a Source of Fluorine 90
4.12.2 Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in mol% 91
4.13 Conversion of Molar Composition to Weight Composition 92
4.14 Templates for Conversion of Glass of Molar Composition to Weight Composition 93
4.15 Glass Batch Calculations 93
4.16 Reaction and Decomposition of Raw Materials 94
4.16.1 Metal Carbonates 94
4.16.2 Metal Hydroxides 95
4.16.3 Borax and Boric Acid 95
4.17 Method of Calculation Glass Batch Compositions 96
4.18 Batch Calculation for Stoichiometric Canasite Glass 97
4.19 Batch Calculation for Stoichiometric Fluorrichterite Glass 98
Further Reading 99
Chapter 5: Theoretical Estimation of Glass Properties 100
5.1 Importance of Estimation 100
5.2 Additives Law 100
5.3 Calculation of Glass Density 102
5.3.1 Factors for Calculating the Glass density 103
5.3.2 Calculation of Density Change with Compositional Variation 105
5.4 Calculation of the Refractive Index of a Glass 106
5.4.1 Definition of the Refractive Index 106
5.4.2 Calculation of the Refractive Indices for Glasses with Known Density 107
5.5 Estimation of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of a Glass 109
5.5.1 Definition of the Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 109
5.5.2 Coating a Glass to a Metal Substrate 110
5.5.3 Estimation of the Thermal Expansion from Glass Chemical Composition 111
Further Reading 113
Chapter 6: Design and Raw Materials of Medical Glasses 115
6.1 Design of Glass Composition 115
6.2 Raw Materials for Glass 116
6.2.1 Feldspars Fluxing Agent 117
6.2.2 Silica (SiO 2) 118
6.2.3 Alumina (Al 2 O 3) 119
6.2.4 Other Glass Raw Materials 119
6.3 Melting of Glass Batches 121
6.4 The Glass Structure and Conditions of Glass Formation 121
6.5 Glass Shaping into Block as Glass Ceramic Precursors 124
6.6 Transformation Range of Glass and Annealing of Glass Blocks 125
Reference 126
Part III: Manufacturing of Medical Glass Ceramics 127
Chapter 7: Design of Medical Glass-Ceramics 128
7.1 Glass Ceramic Fabrication 128
7.2 Mechanisms of Nucleation and Crystallization 130
7.2.1 Bulk/Volume Nucleation 132
7.2.2 Surface Nucleation and Crystallization 133
7.3 Selection of Glass Compositions for Glass Ceramics Processing 133
7.4 Optimum Heat Treatment Conditions 134
7.5 Prediction of the Proper Glass Heat Treatment Schedule 135
7.5.1 Glasses Crystallizing via Bulk Volume Crystallization 136
7.5.1.1 Annealing Temperature Determination 136
7.5.1.2 The Nucleation Temperature 137
7.5.1.3 The Crystallization Temperature 137
7.5.2 Glass Crystallizing via Surface Crystallization Mechanism 138
7.5.3 Glasses Crystallizing by Both Mechanisms: Surface and Volume Crystallization 138
7.6 Interpretation of a Differential Thermal Analysis Curve 138
7.7 Interpretation of Thermal Expansion Curves 140
7.8 Significant Points on the Thermal Expansion Curve 143
7.9 Dependency of the TEC on Heat Treatment 144
7.10 Physical Changes Due to Crystallization 145
7.11 The Impact of Environment on Choosing the Right Glass Ceramic 147
7.12 Chemical Solubility of Glass-Ceramics 147
7.13 The Chemical Solubility of Canasite 149
Further Reading 150
Chapter 8: Microstructural Optimization of Glass Ceramics 151
8.1 Ceramic Microstructures 151
8.1.1 Crystalline Shapes, Forms, and Habits 152
8.2 Development of Glass Ceramic Microstructures 155
8.3 Adjustment of Microstructure 156
8.4 The b -Spodumene/Fluorophlogopite System 157
8.5 Leucite–Fluorophlogopite Glass Ceramics 160
8.6 Fluorcanasite Dental Glass Ceramics 164
Further Reading 166
Chapter 9: Development of Colour and Fluorescence in Medical Glass Ceramics 167
9.1 Coloured Glasses 167
9.2 Coloured Glass Ceramics 168
9.3 Colourants Based on Spinel Structure 168
9.4 Fluorescing Oxide Additives 169
9.4.1 Uranium Oxides 170
9.4.2 Cerium and Terbium Oxides 170
9.4.3 Europium Compounds 171
9.5 The Colour Evaluation 172
9.6 Measurement of Colour 174
9.6.1 Quantitative Measurement of Translucency or Opacity 174
9.6.2 The Masking Ability of Veneering Ceramics 175
9.6.3 Metamerism 176
9.7 Fluorescing Glass Ceramics 177
9.8 Development of Colours and Florescence in UV Regions 178
9.9 Metamerism in Glass Ceramics: The Problem and Solution 178
9.10 Opalescence 180
References 182
Part IV: Models of Dentally Used Glass Ceramics 183
Chapter 10: Leucite Glass-Ceramics 184
10.1 Industrial Importance of Synthetic Leucite 185
10.2 The K 2 O–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 Phase Diagram and Related Systems 186
10.3 Chemical Compositions of Leucite Ceramics 187
10.4 The Surface Crystallization Mechanism of Leucite 188
10.5 Crystalline Structure of Leucite 190
10.6 Crystalline Leucite Phases 192
10.6.1 Tetragonal Leucite Glass-Ceramics 193
10.6.2 Cubic Leucite Glass-Ceramics 194
10.6.3 Pollucite Glass-Ceramics 196
10.7 Criteria for Choosing the Compositions of Ceramic Coatings 196
10.8 Design of Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal Substructures 197
10.9 How to Modify Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Ceramic Coating 198
10.10 Opacity Development in Veneering Glass-Ceramics 202
10.11 Microstructural Optimization of Low Fusion Leucite Ceramics 204
10.12 Classification of Leucite Dental Glass-Ceramics 205
10.13 Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal or Ceramic Substructures 206
10.13.1 Low Fusion Leucite Glass-Ceramics for Coating Gold Alloys 206
10.14 Yellow Coloration in the Leucite Ceramics 207
Further Reading 208
Chapter 11: Machinable Mica Dental Glass-Ceramics 210
11.1 Mica Glass-Ceramics 210
11.2 Industrial Importance of Synthetic Mica 211
11.3 History of Synthetic Mica 211
11.4 Crystalline Structure of Mica 212
11.5 Structure of Fluorophlogopite 214
11.6 Chemical Reactions of Mica and Mica Related Phase Diagrams 215
11.6.1 MgO–MgF 2 –SiO 2 System 215
11.7 Chemical Compositions of Mica Glass-Ceramics 217
11.8 Development of Mica Glass-Ceramics Microstructures 219
11.9 The Crystallization of Tetrasilicic Mica 220
11.10 The Crystallization of Fluorophlogopite (Trisilicic Mica) Glass-Ceramics 221
11.11 Scientific and Technical Problems Encountered in Synthetic Mica Glass-Ceramics for Dental Applications 223
Further Reading 224
References 224
Chapter 12: Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics 226
12.1 Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics 226
12.2 Advantages of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics 227
12.3 Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics 227
12.4 Crystalline Phase Development 227
12.4.1 Mechanism of Crystallization 228
12.5 Chemical Composition of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics 229
12.6 The Properties of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics 231
12.7 Problems Encountered with Lithium Disilicate 233
Further Reading 235
Part V: Bioactive Glass and Bioactive Glass Ceramics 236
Chapter 13: Bioactive Glasses 237
13.1 Nature of Bioactive Glass 237
13.2 Chemical Composition of Bioactive Glasses 238
13.3 Properties of Bioactive Glasses 240
13.4 Bioactivity of Bioactive Glasses 241
Further Reading 243
Chapter 14: Models of Bioactive Glass Ceramics 244
14.1 Apatite Glass Ceramics 244
14.2 Apatite–Wollastonite Glass-Ceramics 245
14.3 Apatite–Fluorophlogopite Glass-Ceramics 247
14.4 Apatite–Mullite Glass-Ceramics 247
14.5 Fluorocanasite Glass-Ceramics 248
14.6 Potassium Fluorrichterite Glass-Ceramics 250
References 251
Index 254
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 2.12.2011 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XXIV, 244 p. |
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Orthopädie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Festkörperphysik | |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Technik ► Medizintechnik | |
| Schlagworte | bioactive glass ceramics • Bioactive Glasses • dental materials glass ceramics • dental materials glasses • Glass Ceramics • leucite glass ceramics • lithium disilicate glass ceramics • manufacture of glasses • medical ceramics • sintered ceramics and glasses |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4614-1228-5 / 1461412285 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4614-1228-1 / 9781461412281 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 5,4 MB
DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
