Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
Contributors to Volume 40 6
Preface 8
PART 1: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM AND RELATED GENERA 16
Introduction to Crytosporidum parvum 18
Chapter 1. Natural History and Biology of Cryptosporidium parvum 20
1. Introduction 21
2. Natural History and Chronology 21
3. Life Cycle as Related to Control 23
4. Classification and Taxonomy 25
5. Risk to Humans from Infected Animals 32
6. The Unique Intracellular Niche of Cryptosporidium 34
7. Concluding Remarks 43
References 44
Chapter 2. Human Cryptosporidiosis: Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Disease, Treatment, and Diagnosis 52
1. Introduction 53
2. Epidemiology 54
3. Transmission 65
4. Clinical Disease 70
5. Treatment 77
6. Diagnosis 85
References 87
Chapter 3. Innate and Cell-mediated Immune Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum 102
1. Introduction 103
2. Innate Immunity 104
3. Cryptosporidium parvum-specific Cell-mediated Immunity 110
4. Immunotherapy 126
5. Concluding Remarks 128
References 129
Chapter 4. Antibody-based Immunotherapy of Cryptosporidiosis 136
1. Introduction: Rationale for Therapy using Antibodies to Combat Cryptosporidiosis 137
2. Practical Considerations for Antibody Therapy 140
3. Early Studies of Immunotherapy for Cryptosporidiosis 145
4. Laboratory Investigations of Anti-Cryptosporidium Antibodies 146
5. Studies in Humans using Antibodies 153
6. Future Prospects 156
References 158
Chapter 5. Cryptosporidium: Molecular Basis of Host-Parasite Interaction 166
1. Introduction 167
2. Oocysts and the Molecular Basis of Excystation and Oocyst Wall Formation 168
3. Invasive (Zoite) Stages and the Molecular Basis of Attachment, Invasion, and Parasitophorus Vacuole Formation 173
4. Intracellular Stages and the Molecular Basis of Stage Differentiation and Parasite Metabolism 188
5. Future Perspectives 192
6. Concluding Remarks 193
References 193
Chapter 6. Cryptosporidiosis: Laboratory Investigations and Chemotherapy 202
1. Introduction 203
2. Production of Oocysts for Biomedical Research 203
3. Propagation in Cell Culture 205
4. Animal Models 210
5. New Approaches to Drug Design 220
6. Laboratory Investigations on Drugs Presently Used in Humans 223
7. Concluding Remarks 227
References 227
Chapter 7. Genetic Heterogeneity and PCR Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum 238
1. Relevance of Studying Polymorphism in C. parvum 239
2. Heterogeneity in Cryptosporidium 240
PCR Detection of C. parvum 248
References 251
Chapter 8. Water-borne Cryptosporidiosis: Detection Methods and Treatment Options 256
1. Water-borne Outbreaks: A Brief History 257
2. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Source Water 262
3. Detection of Cryptosporidium in Water 264
4. Regulatory Status and Environmental Laws 279
5. Water Treatment Options 282
References 287
PART 2: ENTEROCYTOZOON BIENEUSI AND OTHER MICROSPORIDIA 294
Introduction to Microsporidia 296
Chapter 9. Biology of Microsporidian Species Infecting Mammals 298
1. Introduction 299
2. Morphology 300
3. Life Cycle 305
4. Taxonomy 311
5. Mammalian Host–Parasite Relationships 318
6. Summary and Conclusions 324
References 325
Chapter 10. Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis 336
1. Introduction 337
2. Microsporidial Species Causing Intestinal Disease in AIDS 338
3. Epidemiology 338
4. Pathogenesis of Intestinal Injury 342
5. Immune Response to Microsporidia 345
6. Clinical Illness 345
7. Diagnosis 347
8. Treatment 360
9. Conclusion 361
References 362
Chapter 11. Microsporidiosis: Molecular and Diagnostic Aspects 370
1. Introduction 371
2. Molecular Biology 372
3. Phylogeny 376
4. Diagnosis 388
5. Summary 403
References 404
PART 3: CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS AND RELATED SPECIES 416
Chapter 12. Cyclospora cayetanensis 418
1. Introduction 419
2. Diagnosis and Purification 420
3. Molecular Biology 423
4. Life Cycle 424
5. Histopathology 425
6. Immunology 426
7. Clinical Signs of Infection 427
8. Treatment 427
9. Cyclosporiasis in AIDS Patients 428
10. Epidemiology 428
11. Pathogenesis 432
12. Cyclosporiasis in Peru 432
13. The Future 433
References 433
Index 438
Color Plates are located between 354