Airborne Radioactive Contamination in Inhabited Areas (eBook)

Front cover 1
Airborne Radioactive Contamination in Inhabited Areas 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Introduction 12
References 15
Chapter 1. Potential Sources of Contamination in Inhabited Areas 16
1. Introduction 16
2. Background 17
3. Accidents at Nuclear Installations 18
4. Accidents with Highly Radioactive Sources 22
5. Transport Accidents 25
6. Nuclear-Powered Satellites Entering the Atmosphere 26
7. Malicious Use of Radiation and Radiological Terrorism 28
8. Special Problems Related with Radioactive Contamination of Residential Areas 32
References 34
Chapter 2. The Dispersion, Deposition and Resuspension of Atmospheric Contamination in the Outdoor Urban Environment 36
1. Introduction 37
2. Modelling of Radionuclide Dispersion 38
3. Physical Forms of Radionuclides in the Environment 39
4. Dry Deposition 41
5. Wet Deposition 49
6. The Resuspension of Deposited Material 55
References 62
Chapter 3. Airborne Contamination Inside Dwellings 70
1. Introduction 70
2. Ingression of Contaminants into Dwellings 71
3. Deposition and Removal of Contaminants on Indoor Surfaces 73
4. Resuspension 82
References 87
Chapter 4. Contamination of Humans: In the Respiratory Tract and on Body Surfaces 92
1. Introduction 92
2. Biological Effects of Radiation on the Respiratory Tract 93
3. Biological Effects of Radiation on the Skin 102
4. Contaminant Exposure and Clearance on Humans 105
References 117
Chapter 5. Migration of Radionuclides on Outdoor Surfaces 122
1. Introduction 122
2. Influence of Initial Physico-Chemical Forms of Deposited Contaminants 123
3. Migration of Radionuclides in Areas of Soil in an Inhabited Environment 127
4. Migration of Radionuclides on Anthropogeneous Surfaces in an Inhabited Environment 143
References 153
Chapter 6. Estimation of Doses in Inhabited Areas 162
1. Introduction 163
2. Why Models are Needed 163
3. External Dose Rate from Contaminated Surfaces 165
4. Ingestion Dose from Food Contaminated in Inhabited Areas 172
5. Other Possible Dose Contributions in the Inhabited Environment 174
6. Examples of Calculated Dose Rates 175
7. Doses from Non-Anthropogenic Sources 187
8. Current and Future Inhabited Area Dose Model Trends and Needs 190
References 196
Chapter 7. Measurement and Screening of Contaminated Inhabited Areas 202
1. Introduction 203
2. Main Issues to be Considered When Designing Contamination Monitoring Capabilities 203
3. Objectives and Scope of Contamination Measurements and Screening 204
4. Instrumentation 205
5. Contamination Monitoring Techniques, Basic Elements of a Comprehensive Monitoring Programme 209
6. Scenarios 217
7. Measurement of Dose Rates 222
8. Screening of Contamination Level 225
References 230
Chapter 8. Countermeasures for Reduction of Dose in Contaminated Inhabited Areas 232
1. Introduction 232
2. Types of Countermeasures 233
3. Systematic Countermeasure Descriptions 251
4. Management of Waste Generated by Countermeasures 261
Acknowledgements 269
References 270
Chapter 9. Non-Radiological Perspectives: Holistic Value Assessment of Countermeasure Strategies 274
1. Introduction 275
2. Holistic Assessment of Countermeasures 276
3. General Ethical Issues 277
4. The Ethical Matrix as a Case Specific Tool for Mapping Ethical Concerns 282
5. Application to an Inhabited Area Scenario 285
6. Social Countermeasures 297
7. Stakeholder Involvement as a Social Management Option 302
References 307
Chapter 10. Strategies for Restoration of Contaminated Inhabited Areas 312
1. Introduction 312
2. Overall Purposes and Criteria for Restoration Strategies 313
3. Influences of Type and Scale of the Contaminating Incident 317
4. Practical Examples of Implementation of Dose Reduction Strategies for Inhabited Areas 321
5. Decision Support Tools 328
Acknowledgements 338
References 338
Concluding Remarks 342
Reference 344
Author Index 346
Subject Index 354