Internal Medicine (eBook)

Internal Medicine 1
Title Page 2
Copyright Page 3
Preface 5
Contents 7
Abbreviations 10
Contributors 11
Part I: Gastroenterology 12
Chapter 1 13
1.1 Liver Cirrhosis 13
Types of Liver Cirrhosis 13
For Further Reading 24
Chapter 2 25
1.2 Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis) 25
Types of Liver Steatosis 25
For Further Reading 27
Chapter 3 28
1.3 Recurrent Epigastric Pain 28
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 28
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 29
Peptic Ulcer Disease 33
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie’s Syndrome) 36
Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (Celiac Trunk Compression Syndrome/Dunbar’s Syndrome) 37
Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood 39
For Further Reading 39
Chapter 4 40
1.4 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 40
Crohn’s Disease 40
Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of CD 40
Ulcerative Colitis 44
Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of UC 46
Differences Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease 49
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 49
For Further Reading 49
Chapter 5 50
1.5 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 50
For Further Reading 51
Part II: Neurology 52
Chapter 6 53
2.1 Stroke (Brain Infarction) 53
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 53
For Further Reading 57
Chapter 7 58
2.2 Stroke Diseases and Syndromes 58
Moyamoya Disease (Progressive Occlusive Arteritis) 58
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 59
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukodystrophy) 60
Diagnostic Criteria for CADASIL 60
MELAS (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes) 61
Cortical Laminar Necrosis 62
Man-in-the-Barrel Syndrome 62
Locked-in Syndrome 63
Brain Stem Infarction Syndromes 64
Subclavian Steal Syndrome 66
For Further Reading 67
Chapter 8 68
2.3 Intracranial Hemorrhage 68
Epidual Hematoma 68
Subdural Hematoma 68
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 68
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 69
Intra-Cerebral/Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage 69
Intraventricular Hemorrhage 72
Hemorrhage into Malignancy 73
For Further Reading 73
Chapter 9 74
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 75
For Further Reading 77
Chapter 10 78
2.5 Encephalitis 78
Limbic Encephalitis 78
Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 79
Hashimoto's Encephalitis 80
Rasmussen's Encephalitis(Rasmussen's Syndrome) 80
Criteria to Diagnose Rasmussen Encephalitis 81
Measles Encephalitis 82
Subacuts Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) 82
Japanese Encephalitis 83
Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Spring-Summer Encephalitis) 83
Murray Valley Encephalitis 84
St. Luis Encephalitis 84
Encephalitis Lethargica 84
For Further Reading 85
Chapter 11 86
2.6 Epilepsy 86
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 86
For Further Reading 89
Chapter 12 90
2.7 Headache 90
Migraine 90
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension (Schaltenbrand Syndrome) 91
Iniopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) 91
Temporal (Giant) Cell Arteritis 92
For Further Reading 93
Chapter 13 95
2.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases 95
Multiple Sclerosis 95
The Concept of Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging 96
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devics's Syndrome) 97
Marburg's Type MS 98
Baló Concentric Sclerosis 98
Schilder’s Disease (Diff use Myelinoclastic Sclerosis) 99
Susac’s Syndrome 99
Gullian-Barré Syndrome 100
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 100
For Further Reading 101
Chapter 14 102
2.9 Parkinsonism 102
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 103
For Further Reading 103
Chapter 15 104
2.10 Dementia 104
Alzheimer’s Disease 104
Vascular Dementia 105
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (Pick’s Disease) 106
Dementia with Lewy Bodies 106
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) 107
Multiple System Atrophy (Shy-Drager Syndrome) 107
Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy (Binswanger Disease) 108
Prion Disease 109
For Further Reading 111
Chapter 16 112
2.11 Huntington's Disease 112
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 112
For Further Reading 113
Chapter 17 114
2.12 Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome) 114
For Further Reading 114
Part III: Pulmonology 115
Chapter 18 116
3.1 Pleural Diseases 116
Pleural Effusion 116
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 119
Pneumothorax 119
Pleural Calcification 121
For Further Reading 122
Chapter 19 123
3.2 Alveolar Lung Diseases 123
Pulmonary Edema 123
Pneumonia 125
Types of Pneumonias 125
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 126
For Further Reading 128
Chapter 20 129
3.3 Atelectasis (Lung Collapse) 129
Types of Pulmonary Atelecteses 129
For Further Reading 132
Chapter 21 133
3.4 Sarcoidosis 133
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis 133
Sarcoidosis Has Five Radiological Grades on Plain Chest Radiograph 133
Hepatic, Splenic and Gastric Sarcoidosis 135
Dermatological Sarcoidosis 135
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 136
Cardiac Sarcoidosis 136
Neurosarcoid 136
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 137
Musculoskeletal Sarcoidosis 138
Head and Neck Sarcoidosis 138
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 139
Genitourinary Sarcoidosis 139
For Further Reading 140
Chapter 22 141
3.5 Emphysema 141
For Further Reading 144
Chapter 23 145
3.6 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias 145
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 145
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia 145
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia 145
Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease 148
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia 148
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia 148
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Reich Syndrome) 148
For Further Reading 149
Chapter 24 150
3.7 Histiocytoses 150
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 150
Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome 152
Omenn Syndrome 153
Chédiak–Higashi Disease 153
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 153
Rosai–Dorfman’s Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis) 154
Xanthoma Disseminatum (Montgomery Syndrome) 154
Erdheim–Chester Disease (Lipogranulomatosis) 154
How can you differentiate ECD from HSCD? 155
For Further Reading 155
Chapter 25 156
3.8 Hemoptysis 156
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration 156
Anomalous Systemic Artery Supplying Normal Lung Parenchyma 158
Pulmonary Vasculitis 158
Cardiac Bronchus 160
Dieulafoy Disease 161
For Further Reading 161
Part IV: Cardiology 162
Chapter 26 163
4.1 Acute Chest Pain 163
Acute Coronary Syndrome 163
Acute Pulmonary Embolism 165
Aortic Dissection 168
Aortic Dissection Is Classifi ed According to the Stanford and Debakey Classifications 168
Stanford Classification 168
Debakey Classifi cation 169
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 169
Aortic Intramural Hematoma 170
Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer 170
For Further Reading 171
Chapter 27 172
4.2 Diseases of the Great Vessels 172
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm 172
Pulmonary Hypertension 173
Causes of PHT 173
Coral Reef Aorta 175
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome 175
For Further Reading 176
Chapter 28 177
4.3 Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) 177
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 177
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 177
Dilated Cardiomyopathy 178
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 179
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia 179
Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (Spongy Myocardium) 180
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (Cardiomyopathy of Pregnancy) 180
For Further Reading 181
Chapter 29 182
4.4 Endocarditis 182
Infective Endocarditis 182
Major Criteria 182
Minor Criteria 182
Löffler Endocarditis (Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease) 184
Marantic Endocarditis (Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis) 185
For Further Reading 186
Chapter 30 187
4.5 Pericardial Diseases 187
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 188
For Further Reading 190
Part V: Nephrology 191
Chapter 31 192
5.1 Hypertension 192
Renal Artery Stenosis 192
The Normal Renal Artery Waveform Parameters 192
Coarctation of the Aorta 195
Polyarteritis Nodosa 197
Takayasu Arteritis 198
Criteria for TA diagnosis (TA Diagnosis Requires At Least Three Criteria) 198
Midaortic Syndrome 199
Preeclampsia 199
Reversible Posterior Leucoencephalopathy Syndrome (Hypertensive Encephalopathy) 200
Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 201
Riley-Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia) 202
Stafne’s Bone Defect of the Mandible 202
Hypertensive Heart Disease 202
For Further Reading 203
Chapter 32 204
5.2 Polycystic Kidney Disease 204
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease 204
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease 205
Acquired Polycystic Kidney Disease 206
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 207
For Further Reading 207
Part VI: Endocrinology and Metabolism 208
Chapter 33 209
6.1 Grave’s Disease (Hyperthyroidism) 209
For Further Reading 210
Chapter 34 211
6.2 Hyperparathyroidism 211
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 212
For Further Reading 216
Chapter 35 217
6.3 Growth Hormone Diseases 217
Growth Hormone Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism) 217
Acromegaly and Gigantism 218
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 219
Growth Hormone Insensitivity (Laron Syndrome) 221
Carney’s Complex 221
Carney’s Complex Major Diagnostic Criteria 222
For Further Reading 223
Chapter 36 224
6.4 Osteoporosis 224
Primary Osteoporosis 224
Dual Emery X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan 226
Secondary Osteoporosis 226
Regional Migratory Osteoporosis of the Hip (Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome) 227
RMO Differential Diagnoses 227
For Further Reading 228
Chapter 37 229
6.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia 229
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 229
For Further Reading 231
Chapter 38 232
6.6 Scurvy 232
For Further Reading 233
Chapter 39 234
6.7 Fluorosis 234
For Further Reading 236
Chapter 40 237
6.8 Lead Poisoning (Plumbism) 237
For Further Reading 237
Chapter 41 238
6.9 Adrenal Glands Abnormalities 238
Cushing’s Syndrome 238
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 238
Conn’s Syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism) 239
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 240
Addison’s Disease 240
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 240
Pheochromocytoma 241
Neuroblastoma 241
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 242
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy 242
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors 243
Selected References 244
Chapter 42 245
6.10 Sex Hormones Abnormalities 245
Polycystic Ovary Disease (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome) 245
Precocious Puberty 245
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 246
Van Wyk and Grumbach Syndrome 247
Gynecomastia 247
Intersex Disorders 249
Female Pseudohermaphroditism 249
Male Pseudohermaphroditism 249
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 250
True Hermaphroditism 251
Gonadal Dysgenesis 252
For Further Reading 252
Chapter 43 254
6.11 Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism) 254
For Further Reading 255
Part VII: Rheumatology 256
Chapter 44 257
7.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 257
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 259
For Further Reading 264
Chapter 45 265
7.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease) 265
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 268
For Further Reading 268
Chapter 46 269
7.3 Gout Arthritis 269
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 271
For Further Reading 271
Chapter 47 272
7.4 CPPD and HADD 272
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease 272
Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease 273
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 273
For Further Reading 275
Chapter 48 276
7.5 Osteoarthritis 276
For Further Reading 279
Chapter 49 280
7.6 Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis 280
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 280
For Further Reading 283
Chapter 50 284
7.7 Baastrup's Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome) 284
For Further Reading 285
Chapter 51 286
7.8 Scheuermann's Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis) 286
Criteria for Scheuermann’sDisease Diagnosis 287
For Further Reading 288
Chapter 52 289
7.9 Sjögren Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis) 289
Criteria to Diagnose SS Include 289
For Further Reading 291
Chapter 53 292
7.10 Behçet Disease 292
Clinical Criteria to Diagnose BD Require a Combination of Three or More of the Following Findings 292
For Further Reading 293
Chapter 54 294
7.11 Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease) 294
For Further Reading 295
Part VIII: Hematology 296
Chapter 55 297
8.1 Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis 297
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 298
For Further Reading 299
Chapter 56 300
8.2 Beta-Thalassemia Major (Cooley's Anemia) 300
For Futher Reading 303
Chapter 57 304
8.3 Sickle Cell Disease 304
The Lungs in SCD 304
The Skeletal System in SCD 304
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 304
The Brain in SCD 305
The Spleen in SCD 305
For Further Reading 307
Chapter 58 308
8.4 Pernicious Anemia 308
For Futher Reading 309
Chapter 59 310
8.5 Hemophillia 310
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 311
For Further Reading 312
Chapter 60 313
8.6 Lymphomas 313
Cotswold Staging of Lymphoma 314
Criteria for Therapy Response Assessment 314
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 314
For Further Reading 318
Chapter 61 320
8.7 Leukemia 320
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 320
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia 320
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 321
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 321
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 321
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 321
For Further Reading 324
Chapter 62 326
8.8 Multiple Myeloma (Khaler’s Disease) 326
For Further Reading 329
Chapter 63 330
8.9 Amyloidosis 330
Classification of Amyloidosis (Clinical-BasedClassification) 330
For Further Reading 334
Chapter 64 335
8.10 Evans’ Syndrome 335
For Further Reading 335
Chapter 65 336
8.11 Other Lymphatic Disorders 336
Castleman's Disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia) 336
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (Histocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis 337
Kimura’s Disease 337
For Further Reading 338
Part IX: Dermatology 339
Chapter 66 340
9.1 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis) 340
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 341
For Further Reading 344
Chapter 67 345
9.2 Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach-Weithe Disease) 345
For Futher Reading 346
Chapter 68 347
9.3 Dermatomyositis 347
For Further Reading 349
Chapter 69 350
9.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) 350
For Further Reading 351
Part X: Diabetology 352
Chapter 70 353
10.1 Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot 353
Diabetic Angiopathy 353
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Osteopathy, and Infections 354
Diabetic Myonecrosis 356
Diabetic Skin Changes and Infections 357
The Role of Doppler Sonography in DM 360
The Role of MRI in DM 362
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 366
For Further Reading 366
Chapter 71 368
10.2 Diabetic Brain and Nervous System 368
For Further Reading 369
Chapter 72 370
10.3 Diabetic Syndromes 370
Alström Syndrome 370
Ophthalmoloic Clinical Findings 370
Auditory Clinical Findings 370
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings 370
Renal Clinical Findings 370
Dermatological Clinical Findings 370
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 371
Leprechaunism (Donohue Syndrome) 371
Prader-Willi Syndrome 371
Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome 372
Wolfram Syndrome (DIDMOAD) 373
Ophthalmoloic Clinical Findings 373
Auditory Clinical Findings 373
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings 373
Renal Clinical Findings 373
Neurological Clinical Findings 373
Rabson-Mendenhall Syndrome 373
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings 373
Renal Clinical Findings 373
Dermatological Clinical Findings 374
For Further Reading 374
Chapter 73 375
10.4 Diabetes Insipidus 375
For Further Reading 377
Chapter 74 378
10.5 Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction 378
Hormonal Obesity 378
Syndromic/Pathologic Obesity 378
Drug-Induced Obesity 381
Evaluation of Fat within the Body 381
Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by US 381
Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by CT and MRI 381
Gastric Banding 381
Liposuction 384
For Further Reading 385
Chapter 75 387
10.6 Lipoatrophic–LipodystrophicSyndromes 387
Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (Seip-Berardinelli Syndrome) 387
Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (Dunnigan-Kobberling Syndrome) 388
Mandibuloacral Dysplasia 388
Acquired Generalized Lipoatrophy (Lawrence-Seip Syndrome) 389
Acquired Partial Lipoatrophy (Barraquer-Simon Syndrome) 389
Parry-Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy) 389
For Furth er Reading 390
Part XI: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine 391
Chapter 76 392
11.1 Fever 392
For Further Reading 392
Chapter 77 393
11.2 Giardiasis 393
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 393
For Further Reading 393
Chapter 78 394
11.3 Amebiasis 394
Intestinal Amebiasis 394
Hepatic Amebiasis 395
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 396
Thoracic Amebiasis 397
Brain Amebiasis 397
For Further Reading 397
Chapter 79 398
11.4 Leprosy (Hansen Disease) 398
Skin Involvement 398
Nerve Involvement 399
Eye Involvement 399
Mucosal Involvement 399
Bone Involvement 400
Post-Therapy Leprosy 400
For Further Reading 401
Chapter 80 402
11.5 Toxoplasmosis 402
For Further Reading 404
Chapter 81 405
11.6 Brucellosis (Malta Fever) 405
For Further Reading 406
Chapter 82 407
11.7 Neurocysticercosis 407
For Further Reading 409
Chapter 83 410
11.8 Ascariasis 410
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 410
For Further Reading 411
Chapter 84 412
11.9 Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis) 412
For Further Reading 413
Chapter 85 414
11.10 Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis) 414
Echinococcus granulosus Disease 414
Grading of the Liver Lesions by E. granulosus 414
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 418
Echinococcus alveolaris Disease 418
For Further Reading 419
Chapter 86 420
11.11 Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma) 420
Acute Chagas’s Disease 420
ECG Abnormalities 420
Subacute Chagas’ Disease 420
Latent Chagas’ Disease 421
Chronic Chagas’ Disease 421
For Further Reading 422
Chapter 87 423
11.12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) 423
Schistosoma Life Cycle 423
Schistosomiasis by S. japonicum 423
Schistosomiasis by S. mansoni 424
Schistosomiasis by S. haematobium 426
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 428
For Further Reading 428
Chapter 88 429
11.13 Tuberculosis 429
Pulmonary TB 429
Pleural TB 432
Miliary TB 433
Abdominal TB 434
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 434
Hepatic TB 434
Central Nervous System TB 435
Genitourinary TB 436
Musculoskeletal TB 437
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 437
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis 439
Dermatological TB 440
For Further Reading 441
Chapter 89 442
11.14 Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis) 442
For Further Reading 443
Chapter 90 444
11.15 Malaria 444
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 444
For Further Reading 445
Chapter 91 446
11.16 Animal Bites and Stings 446
Rabies 446
Viper Bite 446
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 447
Hymenoptera Stings 447
For Further Reading 448
Index 449
Meningitis 74
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 75
For Further Reading 77