Optical Guided-wave Chemical and Biosensors I (eBook)

Preface 8
Contents of Volume I 11
Contents of Volume II 13
Part I Planar-Waveguide Sensors 15
Total-Internal-Reflection Platforms for Chemical and Biological Sensing Applications 16
Abbreviations 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Principles of TIR 2.1 Basic Principles 18
2.2 Waveguides 19
2.3 Platform Design 20
3 Chemical and Biological Sensing Elements 21
4 TIRF Sensing 24
5 Multiplexing TIRF Ò Array Sensing 25
6 Concluding Remarks 27
References 29
High-Refractive-Index Waveguide Platforms for Chemical and Biosensing 34
Abbreviations 35
Symbols 35
1 Introduction 36
2 Waveguide Theory 37
2.1 Ray-Optics Approach 38
2.2 Electromagnetic Approach 41
3 Waveguide Fabrication Technologies 47
4 Light Coupling 47
5 Waveguide Materials 48
6 Sensor Principles Based on High-Refractive-Index Optical Waveguides 49
6.1 Grating-Based Label-Free Detection Systems 50
6.2 Interferometric Systems 53
6.3 Evanescent Field Fluorescence 58
7 Commercial Sensor Systems 60
8 Applications 62
9 Concluding Remarks 64
References 64
Planar-Waveguide Interferometers for Chemical Sensing 68
Abbrreviations 69
Symbols 69
1 Introduction 70
2 History 72
3 Planar Waveguides 72
4 Planar-Waveguide Operation 74
5 Light-Coupling Methods 82
6 Types of Interferometers 85
7 Chemical Sensing – Passive and Active 91
7.1 Passive Sensing 93
7.2 Active Sensing 102
7.3 Thermal Response 109
7.4 Massless Response of the Interferometer 109
8 Concluding Remarks 111
References 112
Broadband Spectroelectrochemical Interrogation of Molecular Thin Films by Single- Mode Electro- Active Integrated Optical Waveguides 114
Abbreviations 115
1 Introduction 115
2 Optical Absorbance in Integrated Optical Waveguides 2.1 Single- Layer Waveguides 117
2.2 Generalization to Multilayer Integrated Optical Waveguides 122
2.3 Sensitivity of Single- and Multimode Waveguide Structures 126
2.4 Polarized Measurements and Molecular Orientation 127
3 Instrumental Setup 129
3.1 Waveguide Couplers 129
3.2 Broadband Light Sources and Lasers 132
3.3 Electro-Active Optical Waveguides: Materials and Fabrication 133
4 Characterization and Applications 4.1 Adsorbed Dyes 135
4.2 Spectroelectrochemistry of Cytochrome c Films 137
4.3 Broadband Spectroscopy on an EA-IOW 139
5 Concluding Remarks 140
References 140
Part II Plasmonic-Waveguide Sensors 143
Surface Plasmon Resonance: New Biointerface Designs and High- Throughput Affinity Screening 144
Abbreviations 145
1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance 146
2 SPR: Physical Aspects and Kinetics of Sensing 2.1 Theory 147
2.2 Instrumentation and Modes of Operation 148
2.3 Sensorgrams and Kinetics 149
2.4 SPR Imaging 151
3 Use of SPR for Bio-interaction Analysis 151
3.1 Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions 151
3.2 Protein–DNA and Protein–Protein Interactions 154
3.3 Protein–Lipid Interactions 155
4 SPR Imaging and Microarray Technology 156
4.1 SPRi Examination of Protein–Protein or Protein–DNA/ Aptamer Interactions 156
4.2 New Array and Signal Amplification Technology with SPRi 157
4.3 SPRi and Carbohydrate Microarrays 158
5 Wave of the Future: Hyphenated SPR Techniques 159
5.1 SPR-MS and LC-SPR-MS 159
5.2 HPLC-SPR and SPFS 160
6 Concluding Remarks 160
References 161
Nanohole Arrays in Metal Films as Integrated Chemical Sensors and Biosensors 165
Abbrreviations 166
Symbols 167
1 Introduction to Optical Sensing Using Metals 167
1.1 An Introduction to Surface Plasmon Polaritons 167
1.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing 170
1.3 Surface Plasmons in Nano-structured Metals 171
1.4 Nano-structured Metals Enhanced Optical Interactions with Materials 173
2 Nanohole-Based Sensing 2.1 Introduction to Extraordinary Optical Transmission 175
2.2 SPR Sensing Using Arrays of Nanoholes 177
2.3 Enhanced Spectroscopy Using Arrays of Nanoholes 178
3 Integration of Nanohole Sensors 182
4 Concluding Remarks 186
References 186
Nanostructure-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors 190
Abbreviations 191
Symbols 191
1 Introduction 192
2 LSPR Biosensors 193
2.1 LSPR Biosensor Based on Surface Relief Nanostructures 194
2.2 LSPR Bio-sensor Based on Coupling Between Particle Plasmon and LSP Excited by Surface Relief Nanostructures 202
2.3 LSPR Bio-sensor Based on Particle Plasmons 209
3 Concluding Remarks 214
References 215
Gold Nanoparticles on Waveguides For and Toward Sensing Application 217
Abbreviations 218
Symbols 218
1 Introduction 219
2 Surface Plasmon Waveguide Coupling 2.1 Planar- Waveguide Structures 219
2.2 Surface Plasmon Waveguide Coupling in Optical Fibers 220
3 Gold-Nanoparticle Devices 221
3.1 AuNPs on Planar Waveguides Without Application of LSPR 222
3.2 AuNPs on Planar Waveguides with Application of LSPR 223
3.3 AuNPs and Photonic Crystal Waveguides 228
3.4 AuNPs on Optical Fibers with Application of LSPR 231
3.5 AuNPs and Photonic Crystal Optical Fibers 233
4 Concluding Remarks 234
References 234
Index 238