Vector Biology, Ecology and Control (eBook)

Contents 5
Contributors 7
Introduction 10
Part I Global Perspectives on Vector-Borne Disease 12
The Role of Global Climate Patterns in the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Vector-Borne Disease 13
Introduction 13
Methods 14
Results and Discussion 15
Development of Climatic Conditions in Fall 2006 15
Forecasted and Reported Increased Disease Outbreaks 16
Conclusions 21
References 22
The DDT Story: Environmentalism Over Rights to Health and Life 24
Introduction 24
The First Uses of IRS 24
Impact of the Anti-insecticide Movement 26
Converging Ideologies 28
Failure of Public Health Advocacy 30
Failures of Malaria Control Policies 31
DDT, A Unique Public Health Tool and Still Needed 32
Failure to Find a DDT Substitute 33
Need for Advocacy for Public Health Use of Insecticides 33
References 34
Vector-Borne Diseases in the 21st Century: Counting Up or Counting Down? 35
References 41
Part II Emerging and Invasive Vector-Borne Diseases 44
The Global Threat of Emergent/Re-emergent Vector-Borne Diseases 45
Introduction 45
The Reemergence of Epidemic Vector-Borne Diseases As Public Health Problems 46
Parasitic Diseases 47
Bacterial Diseases 47
Arboviral Diseases 48
West Nile Virus 50
Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 55
Yellow Fever 57
Why Has There Been Such a Dramatic Resurgence of Vector-Borne Diseases? 60
Lessons Learned and Challenges to Reverse the Trend 62
References 65
The Need for Synergy and Value Creation in Contemporary Vector Research and Control 69
Introduction 69
The Death of Creativity 71
Synergy and Value Creation 72
Architecture and Vector-Borne Disease Control 75
Genetically Modified Mosquitoes 75
Larval Control: Forgotten Successes 77
Synergy and Value Creation at Wageningen University 78
Identification of Attractants for Malaria Mosquitoes 79
Toward Biological Control of Adult Mosquito Vectors 81
The Achilles Heel of Malaria 82
Conclusions 82
References 83
Dramas Down-Under: Changes and Challenges in Australia 86
Introduction 86
Exotic Vectors 87
Exotic Pathogens 89
Emerging Indigenous Pathogens 94
The Alphaviruses: Barmah Forest Virus (BFV) 94
Conclusions 96
References 97
Part III Arboviruses and Their Control in the Field 102
Novel Strategies to Control Aedes aegypti and Dengue 103
Introduction 103
Harnessing Vector Innate Immunity to Develop Dengue Resistant Ae. aegypti 104
RNAi Conditions Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes 104
Association Mapping Links Vector Competence of Ae. aegyptito the Vector Immune Response 105
Exploitation of the RNAi Response to Generate Transgenic Mosquitoes Immunologically Refractory to Dengue Virus Infection 106
The Casa Segura (Safe Home) A Novel Approach to Protect the Home from Aedes aegypti 108
A Dengue Decision Support System for Enhanced Vector Control and Prevention 109
Development of the Dengue Decision Support System (DDSS) 110
Syndromic Surveillance for Improved Dengue Control 111
Conclusions 112
References 113
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Thailand: Current Incidence and Vector Management 116
Introduction 116
Incidence of DHF 116
Distribution of Dengue Viruses 118
DHF Vectors 120
Current DHF Vector Management 121
Country Obstacles and Challenges 122
Difficulty in Mobilizing Community Participation in Vector Control 123
Insufficient Supply of Materials Used for Vector Control 124
Lack of Good Management in Vector Control 124
Lack of Systematic Monitoring of Larval and Adult Resistance to the Insecticides Used 125
Conclusion 125
References 126
Using Mullas Formula to Estimate Percent Control 129
Introduction 129
Mullas Formula 132
Examples 132
Summary 136
References 138
Longitudinal Field Studies Will Guide a Paradigm Shift in Dengue Prevention 140
Introduction 140
Dengue Epidemiology and Ecology 142
Dengue Control 143
Establishing Goals for Dengue Prevention Programs 145
Recommendations for Improved Vector Control 151
The Paradigm Shift from Top-Down Direction to Local Level Decision 152
Box 1 Key Questions for Development of Innovative, Sustainable, and Cost-Effective Dengue Prevention 151
Surveillance and Control of Adult Versus Immature Mosquitoes 153
Emphasis on Intradomicile Vector Control 154
Integrated Disease Prevention: Vector Control and Vaccines 155
References 156
Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides for Control of Important Mosquito Vectors of Disease 163
Introduction 163
Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bt and Bti 164
Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) 167
Current Usage 167
Genetic Regulation of Cry and Cyt Protein Synthesis 168
Construction of Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides 168
Safety Concerns About Wild Type and Recombinant Bacterial Insecticides 173
Conclusions 174
References 175
Part IV Pest Management and Outreach in Disease Endemic Regions and in the United States: Practical, Novel and Attainable Strategies for Vector Control 177
Current Prospects for the Control of the Vectors of Malaria and Filariasis 178
Introduction 178
The Personal Protection Provided by Insecticide Treated Nets Against Malaria Vectors 179
Impact of Extensive Use ITNs on Vector Populations and the Arguments for Free Provision 180
Indoor Residual Spraying Versus ITNs 183
The Threat of Pyrethroid Resistance 183
Control of Filariasis Vectors 184
Integration of Vector Control with Mass Anti-filarial Drug Administration 185
Biological Control of Tropical Vector Borne Diseases 186
References 187
Unraveling a Complex Transmission Cycle: Implications for Control 190
References 200
Sustainable Mosquito Control in California: A Template for the World 202
Introduction 202
Local Mosquito Control in California 202
California Department of Public Health 204
University of California 205
References 206
The Rhine Larviciding Program and Its Application to Vector Control 207
Introduction 207
The German Mosquito Control Association (GMCA) Kommunale Aktionsgemeinschaft Zur Bekmpfung Der Stechmckenplage (KABS) 209
The Prerequisites for the Development of a Microbial Mosquito-Control Strategy 210
Routine Treatments 211
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 212
Monitoring the Program 213
The Application of Microbial Control Agents Against Vector Mosquitoes 214
Large-Scale Applications of Microbial Control Agents 215
Source Reduction 216
References 217
Integrated Malaria Management 218
Introduction 218
Background and History 221
The Medical Component of IMM 226
Personal Protection in IMM: Community Awareness and Personal Protection 227
Mosquito (Vector) Control or Integrated Vector Management (IVM) 229
Community Focus: The Role of Mosquito and Vector Control Districts 233
Community Focus: Field Surveillance and Data Collection 234
Community Level Analysis, Feedback and Action 235
Training and Operational Support 235
Performance Metrics and Management Information the Cyberenvironment for Integrated Malaria Management (CE for IMM) 235
Management Information is Important and Ubiquitous 239
Performance or Outcome Metrics 241
Data Flow Data Analysis Schematic 244
Cyberenvironment and Data Analysis: Data Logistics 248
This Analysis Complementary to the Cyberenvironment Data Analysis 249
Cost and Management Accounting for a IMM Program 250
Cost and Management Accounting Cost and Value 251
References 255
Index 257