Adrenal Glands (eBook)

Preface 5
Preface 6
Table of Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
1 History of Adrenal Surgery 14
2 Surgical Anatomy 20
3 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 32
4 The Sympathoadrenal System 46
5 The Value of Adrenal Imaging in Adrenal Surgery 53
6 Cushing’s Syndrome 69
7 Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome 79
8 Ectopic Cushing’s Syndrome 87
9 Cushing’s Syndrome in Children and Adolescents 98
10 Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 111
11 Overview of Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndromes 124
12 Primary Aldosteronism: The Surgical Perspective 136
13 Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma 140
14 Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma 152
15 Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma 160
16 Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors 167
17 Pheochromocytoma 185
18 Extra-adrenal and Malignant Pheochromocytoma 197
19 Pheochromocytoma in MEN-2A, MEN-2B, and von Hippel- Lindau Disease 203
20 Benign Paragangliomas 209
21 Neuroblastoma 218
22 Miscellaneous Adrenal Neoplasms ( Cysts, Myelolipoma, Hemangioma, Lymphangioma) 230
23 Adrenal Incidentalomas 237
24 Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass ( Incidentaloma or Adrenaloma) 246
25 Genetic Syndromes Associated with Adrenal Tumors 256
26 Adrenal Tumors and Pregnancy 270
27 Adrenal-Sparing Surgery 279
28 Anesthesia for Adrenal Surgery 290
29 Open Left Anterior Adrenalectomy 301
30 Open Right Anterior Adrenalectomy 304
31 Open Posterior Adrenalectomy 310
32 Right Anterior Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy 314
33 Left Anterior Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy 321
34 Laparoscopic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy 325
35 Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy 333
36 Laparoscopic Partial Adrenalectomy 340
37 Virtual Reality and Robotic Technologies in Adrenal Surgery 343
Subject Index 352