Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Assessment, and Enablement (eBook)

Foreword 5
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Contents 10
The Rehabilitation Process, ICIDH vs ICF 12
1.1 Introduction and Definition 14
1.2 Rehabilitative Interventions 15
1.3 Role of Social Context 16
1.4 Forming a Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Team 17
1.5 Proper and Smooth Execution of Proposed Internal and External Interventions 17
1.6 The Importance and Process of Goal Setting 18
1.7 Principles of Assessment 19
1.8 Use of Models of Illness 20
1.9 World Health Organisation’s ICIDH vs ICF 20
1.10 Viewpoints and Surveys Concerning “Disability” 25
1.11 Community Rehabilitation 26
General Bibliography 27
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 28
Physical Forces Used in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 29
2.1 Use of Radiation 33
2.2 Use of Magnetic Fields (Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Magnetopulse Therapy) 37
2.3 Sound Waves (Acoustic Radiation) 37
2.4 Shockwave 39
2.5 Fluidotherapy Treatment 43
2.6 Other Forms of Heat Treatment 45
2.7 Cryotherapy 46
2.8 Use of Electric Currents 47
2.9 Hydromechanics and Hydrotherapy 56
General Bibliography 60
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 60
Basic Science on Injury and Repair of Skeletal Muscle, Ligaments andTendons 62
3.1 Muscle Basic Science 64
3.2 Ligaments Basic Science 71
3.3 Tendon Basic Science 75
General Bibliography 81
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 81
Common Physical Therapy Techniques and “ Alternative Medicine” 82
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Regaining Range of Motion and Flexibility 86
4.3 Muscle Strength Training 92
4.4 Closed Chain and Open Chain Exercises 96
4.5 Training of Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control 98
4.6 Biofeedback 99
4.7 Plyometrics and Sports Training 103
4.8 Concept of “Core Stability” 105
4.9 Acupuncture Therapy 107
4.10 Massage Therapy 111
4.11 Brief Outline of “ Alternative Medicine” 113
General Bibliography 119
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 119
Principles of Assessment: A Holistic and Case- Based Approach 120
5.1 Introduction and Key Basic Principles 121
5.2 History Taking and Physical Examination 123
5.3 Case-Based Approach with Worked Examples 128
Assistive Technology 146
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Environmental Control and Modification Units 150
6.3 Alternative and Augmentative Communication Devices 157
6.4 Wheelchair Technology 157
6.7 Setting up of Seating Clinics 163
6.6 Conclusion and the Future 166
6.7 Appendix 1: Pathogenesis and Prevention of Pressure Sores 169
6.8 Appendix 2: Concept of Architectural Accessibility 174
General Bibliography 178
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 178
Neurophysiological Testing and Intraoperative Monitoring 179
7.1 The Basics in Neurophysiological Testing 181
7.2 Some Clinical Applications 184
7.3 Intraoperative Neural Monitoring 190
General Bibliography 195
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 195
Gait Analysis 196
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Nature of Gait Analysis 199
8.3 Key Events in the Gait Cycle 202
8.4 Contribution of Ground Reaction Force Data 204
8.5 Kinematics Data Collection 204
8.6 Temporal Parameters (According to Sutherland) 208
8.7 Dynamic EMG Data 209
8.8 Gait Anomalies 211
General Bibliography 223
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 223
Principles of Sports Rehabilitation 225
9.1 Basic Principles in Sports Rehabilitation 227
9.2 Worked Examples: ACL Recent Advances and Rehabilitation After Acute Shoulder Dislocation in Sports 232
9.3 Concept of Strength–Endurance Continuum in Training for Professional Athletes 236
General Bibliography 241
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 241
Amputee Rehabilitation 242
10.1 Introduction 244
10.2 Prosthesis Fitting for Amputees 245
10.3 Major Advances in Neuroprosthesis 273
10.4 Optimising Surgical Technique and Perioperative Care 282
10.5 Miscellaneous Pearls for Amputations at Less Common Levels 286
10.6 Outcome Measures 288
General Bibliography 289
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 289
Cerebral Palsy Rehabilitation 291
11.1 Basic Concepts 294
11.2 Importance of Goal Setting and Multidisciplinary Care 295
11.3 Major Therapeutic Modalities Used in Management of CP 303
11.4 Use of Ankle Foot Orthoses in the Management of Ambulant Children with Cerebral Palsy 313
11.5 Role of Surgery 321
General Bibliography 323
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 323
Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries 325
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury in General 332
12.3 Rehabilitative Phase Management 349
12.4 Regaining Mobility and Sometimes Ambulation 358
12.5 Tackling Urinary Problems in SCI 366
12.6 Bowel Dysfunction in SCI 370
12.7 Tackling Reproductive Dysfunction after SCI 372
12.8 Common Complications 378
12.9 Prognosis of Recovery After SCI 384
General Bibliography 388
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 388
Burn Rehabilitation 391
13.1 Epidemiology 393
13.2 The Acute Phase 393
13.3 Infection Control 395
13.4 Rehabilitation in the Subacute and Chronic Phase 397
13.5 Additional Management Pearls for Different Regions 406
13.6 Treatment Outcome and Prevention of Burns 408
General Bibliography 408
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 409
Rehabilitation After Total Joint Replacement 410
14.1 Patient Selection and Expectations 412
14.2 Optimising Surgical Outcomes: Are Minimally Invasive THR and TKR the Answer? 413
14.3 Role of Surgical Navigation and Virtual Reality 420
14.4 Importance of Pain Control and Implications 422
14.5 Pearls in the Peri- and Postoperative Periods 425
14.6 Optimising Outcomes for Young Patients Who Have TKR and THR 429
14.7 A Word on Outcome Measures 432
General Bibliography 433
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 433
Orthopaedic Pain Management 435
15.1 General Introduction 438
15.2 Nature of Pain 439
15.3 Pain Pathways 441
15.4 Theories of Pain 443
15.5 Classification of Pain 451
15.6 Further Analysis of Different Categories of Pain Causation 453
15.7 Discussion of Acute vs Chronic Pain 473
General Bibliography 480
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 480
Back Pain 483
16.1 Introduction 486
16.2 Back Pain Classification 488
16.3 Work-up for Acute Back Pain 489
16.4 Common Spinal Interventional Procedures Performed by Physiatrists 496
16.5 Chronic Back Pain 503
16.6 Commonly Used Assessment Measures 507
16.7 Appendix: Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia 509
General Bibliography 512
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 512
Overuse Injuries and Work- Related Injury Assessments 515
17.1 Basic Concepts of Work Injuries 517
17.2 Functional Capacity Evaluation 521
17.3 Overuse Work-Related Injuries 523
17.4 Towards Earlier Return to Work in Workers in Chronic LBP 529
17.5 New Strategy for Early Return to Work 531
General Bibliography 532
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 532
Outcome Measures and Clinical Governance 534
18.1 Putting Outcome Measures into the Correct Perspective 536
18.2 Selecting the Appropriate Outcome Measure for Your Research 538
18.3 Use of Outcome Measures in the Field of Rehabilitation 541
18.4 Recent Trends 542
18.5 Other Areas of Interest 543
18.6 Clinical Governance 544
General Bibliography 545
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 545
New Evidence-Based Programme for Preventing and Rehabilitating Hip Fractures ( Thesis Submitted to the Rehabilitation Board of HKCOS) 546
19.1 General Introduction: Importance of Hip Fracture Prevention and Rehabilitation 550
19.2 Evidence Accumulated from the Study of the “ Double Hip Fragility Fracture Study” Conducted by the Author 553
19.3 Science Behind Altered Postural Control in the Elderly: Basic Concepts 559
19.4 Science Behind Altered Gait in Elderly Fallers and Non- Fallers – What Have We Learnt from Gait Analysis? 569
19.5 The Actual Act of Falling in the Elderly – Analysing the “ Cascade of Falling” 587
19.6 Incorporation of Results of Gait Analysis in the Elderly into Rehabilitation after Acute Hip Fracture 593
19.7 Incorporation of Other Principles and Techniques Learned in Rehabilitating Acute Hip Fracture 594
19.8 High-Intensity Muscle Strength Training and the Role of Proper Nutrition 597
19.9 Administration of an Outreaching Community-Based Secondary Fall Prevention Programme Upon Completion of Acute Rehabilitation – Started by the Author and Co- Workers 601
19.10 Reporting the Result of the Pilot Programme of Community- Based Fall Prevention 602
19.11 Potential Important New Role of Non- Government Organisations (NGO) in Administering High- Intensity Muscle Strengthening Exercises 606
19.12 Setting Up Fall Prevention Clinics 608
19.13 Primary Prevention of Hip Fracture 608
19.14 Role of Tai Chi Exercises 610
19.15 Recapitulating and The Future 612
General Bibliography and Key References 614
Selected Bibliography of Journal Articles 615
Subject Index 620