Safety of Nanoparticles (eBook)

Contents 6
Contributors 8
Developing Practices for Safe Handling of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in a Development-Stage Enterprise: A Practical Guide for Research and Development Organizations 12
Contents 12
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 ElectroNanosprayTM Generated Nanomaterials 13
1.3 Evolving Safe Handling Practices 16
1.4 General Approaches for Categorizing Risk 21
1.5 Regulatory Aspects of Working with Nanoparticles 24
1.6 Conclusions 28
References 29
Cytotoxicity of Photoactive Nanoparticles 30
Contents 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Quantum Dots 32
2.3 Noble Metal Nanoparticles 35
2.4 Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles 38
2.5 Summary 39
References 41
Breeching Epithelial Barriers – Physiochemical Factors Impacting Nanomaterial Translocation and Toxicity 43
Contents 43
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Nanomaterial Physiochemical Properties 45
3.3 Skin 47
3.4 Respiratory Tract 58
3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 63
References 64
Safety and Efficacy of Nano/Micro Materials 73
Contents 73
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Drugs 75
4.3 Polymeric Carriers 77
4.4 Additives 81
4.5 Structure 82
4.6 Processes 84
4.7 Workers’ Safety 86
4.8 The Related Guidance 87
References 89
Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles 99
Contents 99
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest 101
5.3 Factors that Require Considerations for Using Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 108
5.4 Current and Potential Applications of Nanoparticles 114
5.5 Summary 116
References 116
Unexpected Reactions by In Vivo Applications of PEGylated Liposomes 120
Contents 120
6.1 A Long-Circulating Liposome, PEGylated Liposome 121
6.2 Passive Targeting of PEGylated Liposomes 122
6.3 Clinical Applications of PEGylated Liposomes 122
6.4 Accelerated Blood Clearance (ABC) of PEGylated Liposomes upon Repeated Injections 124
6.5 Adverse Reactions to PEGylated Liposomes Observed in Clinical Use 131
6.6 Conclusions 134
References 134
Hydrogel Nanocomposites: Biomedical Applications, Biocompatibility, and Toxicity Analysis 140
Contents 140
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Hydrogels 141
7.3 Hydrogel Nanocomposites 142
7.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Analysis 156
7.5 Concluding Remarks 162
References 163
Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 167
Contents 167
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2 Assays for the Assessment of Cytotoxicity 169
8.3 Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 171
8.4 Differential Biocompatibility of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds 180
8.5 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 185
8.6 Concluding Remarks 191
References 191
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: Toxicology and Lymph Node Targeting for Cancer Metastasis Prevention 196
Contents 196
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Lymphatic System 198
9.3 Synthesis of Drug Conjugates 202
9.4 Characterization of Nano- and Micro-conjugates 205
9.5 In Vitro Tests 206
9.6 In vivo Tests 211
9.7 Conclusions 213
References 214
Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 216
Contents 216
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 218
10.3 Gold Nanoparticles 222
10.4 Quantum Dots 224
10.5 Dendrimers 227
10.6 Liposomes 229
10.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles 233
10.8 Albumin-bound Paclitaxel (Abraxane) 237
10.9 Summary 237
References 238
Index 243