Intensive Care Medicine (eBook)

Table of Contents 5
List of Contributors 11
Common Abbreviations 27
I Genetic Factors 28
Are Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Important for Critically III Patients? 29
Genetic Susceptibility in ALIIARDS: What have we Learned? 39
Racial Disparities in Infection and Sepsis: Does Biology Matter? 50
II Cardiac Issues 57
B- Type Natriuretic Peptide: An Emerging Biomarker in Pediatric Critical Care 58
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The Consequences of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome 80
Quantification of Improved Left Ventricular Performance during Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 90
Diastolic Dysfunction and Cardiac Failure in the Intensive Care Unit 101
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V 108
V 108
Pharmacological Support of the Failing Right Ventricle 113
Perioperative Cardioprotection 126
III Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 136
Improving the Quality of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Care 137
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation 145
Early Cooling in Cardiac Arrest: What is the Evidence? 161
IV Emergencies 169
Management of Severe Accidental Hypothermia 170
1 173
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7 173
Initial 183
Management of Skin Sloughing 183
Diseases: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens- Johnson Syndrome 183
V Poisonings 191
Extracorporeal Life- Support for Acute Drug- induced Cardiac Toxicity 200
Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation 212
VI Acute Respiratory Failure 211
Esophagectomy and Acute Lung Injury 222
Glucocorticoid Treatment in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Friend or Foe? 233
Regional Lung Function in Critically III Neonates: A New Perspective for Electrical Impedance Tomography 243
Extracorporeal Lung Assist for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Past, Present and Future 254
VII Ventilatory Support 262
Protective Mechanical Ventilation: Lessons Learned From Alveolar Mechanics 263
Hypercapnia: Permissive, Therapeutic, or Not at All? 287
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Hypercapnia 300
High Frequency Oscillation for Acute Respiratory Failure in Adults 308
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: Promises and Potentials for Concern 319
Postoperative Non- invasive Ventilation 328
VIII Tracheostomy 338
Choice of Tracheostomy Tube: Does One Size Fit All? 339
What's new in Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy? 347
IX Infections 357
Novel Therapies in the Prevention of Ventilator- associated Pneumonia 358
Management of Ventilator- associated Pneumonia 368
Flucytosine Combined with Amphotericin Bfor Fungal Infections: A Postmarketing Surveillance and Future Perspectives 380
X Cellular Mechanisms in Sepsis 388
Apoptosis in Critical Illness: A Primer for the Intensivist 389
Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by Hypoxia and Inflammation in Sepsis: A Putative Role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor 399
Gram- positive and Gram- negative Sepsis: Two Disease Entities? 409
XI Sepsis Therapies 425
The Cardiovascular Management of Sepsis 426
Terlipressin in Septic Shock: When and How Much? 436
Glutathione in Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure Failure Failure 457
Selenocompounds and Selenium: A Biochemical Approach to Sepsis 467
XII Metabolic Alterations 483
The Role of Hypoxia and Inflammation in the Expression and Regulation of Proteins Regulating Iron Metabolism 484
Hyperammonemia in the Adult Critical Care Setting 492
Magnesium in the 502
Strict Glycemic Control: Not If and When, but Who and How? 513
Cortisol Metabolism in Inflammation and Sepsis 525
XIII Fluid Management 531
Assessment of Perioperative Fluid Balance 532
Fluid Resuscitation and Intra- abdominal Hypertension 545
XIV Acute Kidney Injury 558
Six Truths about Acute Kidney Injury that the Intensivist Should Be Aware Of 559
Role of Poly{ ADP- Ribose) Polymerase in Acute Kidney Injury 567
From Hemodynamics To Proteomics: Unraveling the Complexity of Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis 576
XV Hemodynamic Assessment and Management 587
Towards Optimal Central Venous Catheter Tip Position 588
From Arterial Pressure to Cardiac Output 598
Hemodynamic Monitoring: Requirements of Less Invasive Intensive Care - Quality and Safety 609
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring: Toy Or Tool? 614
XV Hemodynamic Assessmentand Management 587
Bioreactance: A New Method for Non- invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring 626
Goal- directed Hemodynamic Therapy for Surgical Patients 638
XVI Tissue Oxygenation 645
Use of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation in ICU Patients 646
Early Optimization of Oxygen Delivery in High- risk Surgical Patients 659
The Influence of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Tissue Oxygenation 670
Recent Advancements in Microcirculatory Image Acquisition and Analysis 682
The Beneficial Effects of Increasing Blood Viscosity 696
XVII Anticoagulants in Organ Failure 706
Protein ( and Antithrombin Levels in Surgical and Septic Patients 707
Thrombophilia as a Risk Factor for Outcome in Sepsis 717
The Effects of Activated Protein ( on the Septic Endothelium 725
Improvement in Hemodynamics by Activated Protein ( in Septic Shock 734
XVIII Acute Bleeding 741
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage on the Intensive Care Unit 742
Recombinant Activated Factor VII: The Delicate Balance between Efficacy and Safety 754
XIX Hepatic Disease 763
ICU Management of the Liver Transplant Patient 764
Liver Support with Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption and Prometheus AE 778
Artificial Liver Support: Current Status 786
XX Neurological Crises 800
Multimodality Monitoring in Patients with Elevated Intracranial Pressure 811
Managing Critically III Patients with Status Epilepticus 822
XXI Analgesia and Sedation 837
Sedation with Inhaled Anesthetics in Intensive Care 838
Sedation or Analgo- sedation in the leu: A Multimodality Approach 849
XXII Outcomes 862
Time to Use Computerized Physician Order Entry in all ICUs? 863
Quality of Life in Locked- in Syndrome Survivors 879
Post- traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Survivors 889