Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology

Alan Irvine, MBBS, MD, Associate Professor and Consultant Pediatric Dermatologist, University of Dublin and Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland Albert Yan, MD, Assistant Professor, Director of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Dr Yan is also President-elect of the Society of Pediatric Dermatology Peter Hoeger, MD, Professor and Head of Pediatric Demratology, Cathjolic Children's Hospital, Hamburg and Department of Dermatology, University of Hamburg, Germany

List of Contributors, xiii Preface to the Third Edition, xxv Acknowledgements, xxvii List of Abbreviations, xxix VOLUME 1 Part 1 The Development of Paediatric Dermatology as a Medical Sub-speciality 1 The History of Paediatric Dermatology, 1.1 John Harper Part 2 The Newborn 2 Embryogenesis of the Skin, 2.1 Karen A. Holbrook 3 Physiology of Neonatal Skin, 3.1 Peter H. Hoeger 4 The Role of Histopathology in Paediatric Dermatopathology, 4.1 Marian Malone 5 Skin Care of the Newborn, 5.1 Jean-Francois Stalder 6 Common Transient Neonatal Dermatoses, 6.1 Franck Boralevi & Alain Taieb 7 Disorders of Subcutaneous Tissue in the Newborn, 7.1 Susan J. Bayliss & Roy Colven 8 Cutaneous Manifestations of Congenital Infections, 8.1 Peter H. Hoeger 9 Acquired Neonatal Infections, 9.1 Nico G. Hartwig, Arnold P. Oranje, Dirk Van Gysel & Marinus C.G. van Praag 10 Developmental Abnormalities, 10.1 Henning Hamm 11 Differential Diagnosis of Neonatal Erythroderma, 11.1 Hagen Ott & Peter H. Hoeger 12 Collodion Baby, 12.1 Edel A. O'Toole & David P. Kelsell 13 Harlequin Ichthyosis, 13.1 Edel A. O'Toole & David P. Kelsell 14 Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus, 14.1 Sara J. Brown & Rosemarie M. Watson 15 Restrictive Dermopathy, 15.1 David G. Paige 16 Congenital Erosive and Vesicular Dermatosis, 16.1 Bernard A. Cohen 17 Iatrogenic Disorders of the Newborn, 17.1 Elia F. Maalouf & Wilson B. Lopez Part 3 Napkin Dermatitis 18 General Aspects of Napkin Dermatitis, 18.1 Arnold P. Oranje 19 Causative Factors of Napkin Dermatitis, 19.1 Ernesto Bonifazi 20 Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosis of Napkin Dermatitis, 20.1 Albert C. Yan & Paul J. Honig 21 Management of Napkin Dermatitis, 21.1 Arnold P. Oranje Part 4 Atopic Dermatitis 22 Epidemiology of Atopic Dermatitis, 22.1 Carsten Flohr & Hywel C.G. Williams 23 Genetics of Atopic Dermatitis, 23.1 Stephan Weidinger & Alan D. Irvine 24 Immunology of Atopic Dermatitis, 24.1 Aideen M. Byrne & Donald Y.M. Leung 25 Immunopharmacological Mechanisms in Atopic Dermatitis, 25.1 Clive B. Archer 26 Microbiology in Atopic Eczema, 26.1 Christina Schnopp & Martin Mempel 27 The Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis, 27.1 Simon G. Danby & Michael J. Cork 28 Clinical Features and Diagnostic Criteria of Atopic Dermatitis, 28.1 Sinead M. Langan & Hywel C.G. Williams 29 Atopic Dermatitis: Scoring Severity and Quality of Life Assessment, 29.1 M. Susan Lewis-Jones & Carolyn R. Charman 30 Guidelines to Management of Atopic Dermatitis, 30.1 John Harper, Kathrin Giehl & E. Ann Bingham 31 Food Allergy and Eczema, 31.1 Helen E. Cox & Jonathan Hourihane 32 Aeroallergies and Atopic Eczema, 32.1 Ann-Marie Powell, Gideon Lack & Adam Fox 33 Eczema Herpeticum, 33.1 Helen M. Goodyear 34 Psychosocial Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis, 34.1 Margaret DeJong, Ereni Skouta & Mary T. Glover Part 5 Other Types of Dermatitis 35 Infantile Seborrhoeic Dermatitis, 35.1 Carlo M. Gelmetti & Ramon Grimalt 36 Hypereosinophilic Disorders, 36.1 Nerys M. Roberts & Richard Staughton 37 Pityriasis Alba, 37.1 Nanette B. Silverberg 38 Perioral Dermatitis, 38.1 Ki-Young Suh & Ilona J. Frieden 39 Pompholyx, 39.1 Carlo M. Gelmetti 40 Nummular or Discoid Dermatitis, 40.1 Linda E. De Raeve 41 Seborrhoeic Dermatitis of Adolescence, 41.1 James A.A. Langtry 42 Lichen Simplex Chronicus and Prurigo, 42.1 Howard B. Pride & Mercedes E. Gonzalez 43 Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis, 43.1 John Browning & Alanna Bree 44 Allergic Contact Dermatitis, 44.1 Carsten Flohr & John S. C. English 45 Phytodermatoses, 45.1 Christopher R. Lovell Part 6 Infections 46 Molluscum Contagiosum, 46.1 Ali Alikhan & Tor Shwayder 47 Human Papillomavirus Infection, 47.1 Zsuzsanna Z. Szalai 48 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections, 48.1 Helen M. Goodyear 49 Viral Exanthems, 49.1 Wynnis L. Tom & Sheila Fallon Friedlander 50 Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome, 50.1 Carlo M. Gelmetti 51 Poxviruses, 51.1 M. Susan Lewis-Jones 52 HIV Infection, 52.1 Neil S. Prose & Coleen K. Cunningham 53 Infective Dermatitis (Skin Manifestations of HTLV Infection), 53.1 Rosalia A. Ballona & Neil B. Prose 54 Pyodermas and Toxin-mediated Syndromes, 54.1 Christian R. Millett, Warren R. Heymann & Steven M. Manders 55 Skin Manifestations of Meningococcal Infection, 55.1 Saul N. Faust, Parviz Habibi & Robert S. Heyderman 56 Pitted Keratolysis, Erythrasma and Erysipeloid, 56.1 Anita P. Sheth 57 Mycobacterial Infections of the Skin, 57.1 Lisa McNally, Huda Al-Ansari & Vas Novelli 58 Bartonella Infections: Bacillary Angiomatosis, Cat Scratch Disease and Bartonellosis, 58.1 Diana B. McShane, Heidi H. Kong & Sarah A. Myers 59 Lyme Borreliosis, 59.1 Susan O'Connell 60 Endemic Treponematoses: Yaws, Pinta and Endemic Syphilis, 60.1 Herman Jan H. Engelkens 61 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Rickettsial Infections, 61.1 Daniel J. Sexton 62 Superfi cial Fungal Infections, 62.1 Peter P.M. Mayser & Yvonne Graser 63 Deep Mycoses and Opportunistic Infections, 63.1 Adrian-Martin Pierini,, Maria Marta Bujan & Agustina Lanoel 64 Cutaneous Infections in Immunocompromised Children, 64.1 Hagen Ott & Peter H. Hoeger Part 7 Nutritional Disorders 65 Skin Manifestations of Nutritional Disorders, 65.1 Luz Orozco-Covarrubias & Carola Duran McKinster Part 8 Tropical Dermatoses 66 Tropical Ulcer, 66.1 Vibhu Mendiratta 67 Leishmaniasis, 67.1 Evelyne Halpert, Gerzain Rodriguez & Carlos Arturo Hernandez 68 Cutaneous Larva Migrans, 68.1 Antonia K. Kienast 69 Myiasis, 69.1 Peter H. Hoeger 70 Leprosy (Hansen Disease), 70.1 Sunil Dogra & Amrinder J. Kanwar Part 9 Stings and Infestations 71 Papular Urticaria, 71.1 Ian F. Burgess 72 Scabies and Lice, 72.1 Julie S. Prendiville 73 Other Noxious and Venomous Creatures, 73.1 Dirk M. Elston Part 10 Urticaria and the Erythemas 74 Urticaria, 74.1 Christine Leaute-Labreze, Franck Boralevi & Alain Taieb 75 Mastocytosis, 75.1 Dirk Van Gysel, Ron H.N. van Schaik & Arnold P. Oranje 76 Annular Erythemas, 76.1 Kimberly A. Horii & Amy J. Nopper 77 Erythema Nodosum and Other Forms of Panniculitis, 77.1 Heather A. Brandling-Bennett & Maria C. Garzon 78 Erythema Multiforme, Stevens Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, 78.1 Lizbeth Ruth A. Intong & Dedee F. Murrell Part 11 Acne 79 Acne, 79.1 Bodo C. Melnik Part 12 Psoriasis and Other Papulosquamous Disorders 80 Psoriasis, 80.1 Flora B. de Waard-van der Spek & Arnold P. Oranje 81 Psoriasis: Pathogenesis, 81.1 Flora B. de Waard-van der Spek & Arnold P. Oranje 82 Psoriasis: Treatments, 82.1 Flora B. de Waard-van der Spek, Lisette W.A. van Suijlekom-Smit & Arnold P. Oranje 83 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, 83.1 Melinda Jen & Mary Wu Chang 84 Pityriasis Rosea, 84.1 Antonio A.T. Chuh & Vijay Zawar 85 Lichen Planus and Lichen Nitidus, 85.1 Harper N. Price & Andrea L. Zaenglein 86 Lichen Striatus, 86.1 Alain Taieb & Edouard Grosshans Part 13 Blistering Disorders 87 Differential Diagnosis of Vesiculobullous Lesions, 87.1 James G.H. Dinulos & Joi B. Carter 88 Infantile Acropustulosis, 88.1 Richard J. Antaya 89 Linear IgA Associated Bullous Disease in Children: Childhood Linear IgA Disease/Chronic Bullous Disease of Childhood, Mixed Immunobullous Disease and IgA Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, 89.1 Gudula Kirtschig & Fenella Wojnarowska 90 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 90.1 Jonathan N. Leonard 91 Pemphigus, Pemphigoid and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita, 91.1 J. Henk Sillevis Smitt & Marcel F. Jonkman Part 14 Skin Nodules 92 Differential Diagnosis of Skin Nodules and Cysts, 92.1 Peter H. Hoeger 93 Granuloma Annulare, 93.1 Cameron T.C. Kennedy 94 Adnexal Disorders, 94.1 Andrew Wang & Robert Sidbury 95 Calcifi cation and Ossifi cation in the Skin, 95.1 Eulalia T. Baselga 96 Knuckle Pads, 96.1 Elaine C. Siegfried 97 Fibromatoses, Hyalinoses and Stiff Skin Syndrome, 97.1 Grazia Mancini, Arnold P. Oranje, Jan C. den Hollander & Moise L. Levy 98 Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia, 98.1 Alfons L. Krol 99 Skin Malignancies, 99.1 Adrian-Martin Pierini,, Andrea Bettina Cervini & Marcela Bocian Part 15 Lymphocytic Disorders and Histiocytosis 100 Pityriasis Lichenoides, 100.1 Ernesto Bonifazi 101 Jessner's Lymphocytic Infi ltrate of the Skin, 101.1 R.M. Ross Hearn 102 Cutaneous Lymphomas, 102.1 Elena Pope & Kenneth Chang 103 Histiocytosis, 103.1 Irene Lara-Corrales and Elena Pope Part 16 Disorders of Pigmentation 104 Disorders of Pigmentation, 104.1 R.M. Ross Hearn 105 Vitiligo, 105.1 Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier & Alain Taieb Part 17 Photodermatoses and Photoprotection 106 The Idiopathic Photodermatoses, 106.1 James Ferguson 107 Porphyrias, 107.1 Jose M. Mascaro & Henry W. Lim 108 Photoprotection, 108.1 Robin L. Hornung Part 18 Melanocytic Naevi and Melanoma 109 Melanocytic Naevi and Melanoma, 109.1 Julia A. Newton Bishop Part 19 Epidermal Naevi and Associated Syndromes 110 Epidermal Naevi, 110.1 Jon A. Dyer 111 Proteus Syndrome, 111.1 John Harper, Kathrin Giehl & Raoul Hennekam Part 20 Vascular and Lymphatic Anomalies 112 Vascular Malformations, 112.1 Laurence M. Boon, Odile Enjolras, John B. Mulliken, & Miikka Vikkula 113 Infantile Haemangiomas and Other Vascular Tumours, 113.1 Anna L. Bruckner & Ilona J. Frieden 114 Disorders of Lymphatics, 114.1 Sahar Mansour & Peter S. Mortimer VOLUME 2 Part 21 Genetic Disorders 115 Principles of Genetics, Mosaicism and Molecular Biology, 115.1 Rudolf Happle 116 Chromosomes and the Skin, 116.1 Christopher P. Barnett & William Reardon 117 Review of Keratin Disorders, 117.1 Maurice A.M. van Steensel & Peter M. Steijlen 118 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 118.1 Jemima E. Mellerio & Jacqueline E. Denyer 119 Kindler Syndrome, 119.1 Anna E. Martinez & Dawn Siegel 120 Mendelian Disorders of Cornification (MEDOC): the Keratodermas, 120.1 Maurice A.M. van Steensel & Peter M. Steijlen 121 Mendelian Disorders of Cornifi cation (MEDOC): the Ichthyoses, 121.1 Daniel Hohl & Mary Williams 122 Mendelian Disorders of Cornifi cation (MEDOC): the Erythrokeratodermas, 122.1 Daniel Hohl, Stephanie Christen-Zaech & Baruk Mevorah 123 Keratosis Pilaris, 123.1 Arnold P. Oranje & Dirk Van Gysel 124 Netherton Syndrome, 124.1 Wei-Li Di & John Harper, 125 Darier Disease, 125.1 Susan M. Burge 126 Porokeratosis, 126.1 Leslie Castelo-Soccio 127 Ectodermal Dysplasias, 127.1 Yuka Asai & Alan D. Irvine 128 The Neurofi bromatoses, 128.1 Amy Theos, Kevin P. Boyd & Bruce R. Korf 129 Tuberous Sclerosis, 129.1 John P. Osborne & Andrew J. Green 130 Incontinentia Pigmenti, 130.1 Dian Donnai 131 Hypomelanosis of Ito/Pigmentary mosaicism, 131.1 Saleem M. Taibjee & Celia Moss 132 Gorlin (Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma) Syndrome, 132.1 Peter A. Farndon 133 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia, 133.1 Amarilis Sanchez-Valle, V. Reid Sutton & Ignatia B. Van den Veyver, 134 Premature Ageing Syndromes, 134.1 Helga V. Toriello 135 Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Cockayne Syndrome and Trichothiodystrophy, 135.1 Steffen Emmert 136 Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, Bloom Syndrome, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Fanconi Anaemia, 136.1 Celia Moss 137 Genetic Diseases that Predispose to Malignancy, 137.1 Julie V. Schaffer 138 Inherited Disorders of Pigmentation, 138.1 Eli Sprecher & Dov Hershkovitz 139 Prenatal Diagnosis of Inherited Skin Disorders, 139.1 John A. McGrath 140 Skin Gene and Cell Therapy, 140.1 Matthias Titeux & Alain Hovnanian Part 22 Disorders of Fat Tissue 141 Disorders of Fat Tissue, 141.1 Marc Lacour Part 23 Disorders of Connective Tissue 142 Ehlers Danlos Syndromes, 142.1 Nigel P. Burrows, Navjeet Sidhu-Malik & Heather N. Yeowell 143 Cutis Laxa, 143.1 Richard J. Antaya 144 Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, 144.1 Anne Han & Mark Lebwohl 145 Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome, Marfan Syndrome, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Anetodermas and Atrophodermas, 145.1 Marc Lacour 146 Striae, 146.1 Manjunatha Kalavala & Magdalene Dohil Part 24 The Oral Cavity 147 Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and Tongue, 147.1 Jane Luker & Crispian Scully Part 25 Hair and Nails 148 Hair Disorders, 148.1 Elise A. Olsen 149 Alopecia Areata, 149.1 Kerstin Foitzik-Lau 150 Nail Disorders, 150.1 Antonella Tosti, & Bianca M. Piraccini Part 26 Genitourinary Problems in Children 151 Genital Disease in Children, 151.1 Gayle O. Fischer 152 Vulvovaginitis and Lichen Sclerosus, 152.1 Sallie M. Neill 153 Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children and Adolescents, 153.1 Arnold P. Oranje, Robert A.C. Bilo & Nico G. Hartwig Part 27 Physical and Sexual Abuse in Children 154 Non-accidental Injury (Physical Abuse), 154.1 Antonia K. Kienast 155 Child Maltreatment: Sexual Abuse, 155.1 Sarah M. Frioux & Cindy Christian Part 28 Systemic Diseases 156 Sweet Syndrome, 156.1 Peter von den Driesch 157 Crohn Disease and Orofacial Granulomatosis, 157.1 Billy Bourke, Paddy Fleming, & Claire Healy 158 Sarcoidosis, 158.1 Julie L. Cantatore-Francis & Julie V. Schaffer 159 Amyloidosis, 159.1 Teri A. Kahn 160 Schonlein-Henoch Purpura, 160.1 Hagen Ott 161 Acute Haemorrhagic Oedema of the Skin in Infancy, 161.1 Alain Taieb & Valerie Legrain 162 Purpura Fulminans, 162.1 Michael Levin, Brian Eley & Saul N. Faust 163 Urticarial Vasculitis, 163.1 Heather A. Brandling-Bennett & Marilyn G. Liang 164 Erythema Elevatum Diutinum, 164.1 Aimee C. Smidt & Sarah L. Chamlin 165 Pigmented Purpura, 165.1 Allison L. Jensen & Sheryll L. Vanderhooft 166 Erythromelalgia, 166.1 Justin Daniels 167 Wegener Granulomatosis, Polyarteritis Nodosa, Microscopic Polyangiitis, Behcet Disease and Relapsing Polychondritis, 167.1 Paul A. Brogan & E. Jane Tizard 168 Kawasaki Disease, 168.1 Wynnis L. Tom, Tomisaku Kawasaki & Jane C. Burns 169 Inherited Metabolic Disorders and the Skin, 169.1 Johannis B.C. de Klerk & Arnold P. Oranje 170 Cystic Fibrosis, 170.1 Rod Phillips 171 Carotenaemia, 171.1 Peter T. Clayton & Emma J. Footitt 172 Cutaneous Manifestations of Endocrine Disease, 172.1 Peter A. Hogan 173 Morphoea (Localized Scleroderma), 173.1 Lisa Weibel & John Harper 174 Systemic Sclerosis in Childhood, 174.1 Christopher P. Denton & Carol M. Black 175 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Juvenile Dermatomyositis, 175.1 Despina Eleftheriou & Patricia Woo 176 Periodic Fever Syndromes, 176.1 Juan C. Salazar & Henry M. Feder Jr 177 Immunodefi ciency Syndromes, 177.1 Julie V. Schaffer & Amy S. Paller 178 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, 178.1 John Harper & Paul Veys Part 29 Psychological Aspects of Skin Disease in Children 179 Coping with the Burden of Chronic Skin Disease, 179.1 Elisa S. Gallo & Sarah L. Chamlin 180 Physiological Habits, Self-Mutilation and Factitious Disorders, 180.1 Arnold P. Oranje, Jeroen Novak & Robert A.C. Bilo Part 30 Therapeutics and Poisoning 181 Principles of Paediatric Dermatological Therapy, 181.1 Dennis P. West, Candrice Heath, Ann Cameron Haley, Anne Mahoney & Giuseppe Micali 182 The Use of Emerging Biological Treatments in Children, 182.1 Polly Livermore & Clarissa Pilkington 183 Hypersensitivity Reactions to Drugs, 183.1 Hagen Ott 184 Poisoning and Paediatric Skin, 184.1 Giuseppe Micali, Stephanie A. St Pierre, Erika E. Reid & Dennis P. West Part 31 Dermoscopy in Pediatric Skin 185 Dermoscopy of Melanocytic Lesions in the Paediatric Population, 185.1 Jennifer L. DeFazio, Ralph P. Braun & Ashfaq A. Marghoob Part 32 Surgical and Laser Therapies 186 Surgical Principles and Techniques in Paediatric Dermatology, 186.1 Leon N.A. van Adrichem 187 More Complex Skin Surgery, 187.1 Paul Morris, Guy Thorburn & Loshan Kangesu 188 Laser Treatment for Cutaneous Vascular Anomalies, 188.1 Samira Syed, Jane Linward & John Harper 189 The Use of Resurfacing, Pigment and Depilation Lasers in Children, 189.1 Andrew C. Krakowski & Lawrence F. Eichenfield 190 Sedation and Anaesthesia, 190.1 Yuin-Chew Chan & Lawrence F. Eichenfield 191 Treatment of Congenital Melanocytic Naevi, 191.1 Neta Adler & Bruce S. Bauer Part 33 Nursing Care of Paediatric Skin 192 Nursing Care of Paediatric Skin, 192.1 Jane White, Jane Linward, Jacqueline Denyer & Bisola Laguda Index