Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Chapter 1 Introduction - Concept of patient control. Principle of feedback mechanism. Scope of use. History. Chapter 2 Patient-controlled inhalation - The use of Entonox above and with additives for labour pain and in other settings (paramedic use, dressing changes etc) Problems regarding pollution Chapter 3 Patient-controlled analgesia - The Basics Outline of design of machines. Machines available and features. Benefits of disposable vs programmable. Drugs suitable for use. Chapter 4 PCA in adult acute pain - Use for post-operative pain. Side effects and their management. Use for other types of acute pain (sickle cell, cardiac pain). Protocols for use Chapter 5 PCA in children - Use for post-operative pain. Ability of children to use technique. Protocols for use. Parent or nurse-controlled analgesia. Use in non-surgical situations Chapter 6 PCA in the elderly - Differences in pharmacokinetics and dynamics in the elderly. Limitations of use of PCA. Chapter 7 Patient-controlled epidural analgesia - Use in postoperative and labour pain. Solutions for use. Protocols Chapter 8 Complications of PCA - Machine problems, patient problems, user problems. Chapter 9 Other forms of PCA Patient-controlled use of oral medication. Use of subcutaneous and IM routes for PCA. Chapter 10 PC sedation Development of new machines for delivery with feedback mechanisms. Chapter 11 The Future Bibliography