Essential Fluid, Electrolyte and pH Homeostasis

Dr Stephen Reed is a Senior Lecturer of Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. Dr. Gillian Cockerill, Surgeon Department of Surgery, St George's University of London.

List of figures xiii List of tables xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Part 1: Background theory and basic concepts. Section 1.i Introduction and overview 3 Section 1.ii Water 8 Section 1.iii Solutions: concentrations and colligative properties of solutes 12 Section 1.iv Self-assessment exercise 1.1 16 Section 1.v Acids and bases 18 Section 1.vi Buffers and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 23 Section 1.vii Self-assessment exercise 1.2 26 Section 1.viii Body fluids and their composition: overview 28 Section 1.ix Fluid balance: (a) between fluid compartments and (b) intake and loss 34 Section 1.x Ionic composition and electrical neutrality 39 Section 1.xi Water and ion distribution between compartments 1: Physical chemistry 43 Section 1.xii Water and ion distribution between compartments 2: Physiology 50 Section 1.xiii Osmoregulation: solvent and solute balance 55 Section 1.xiv Self-assessment exercise 1.3 60 Section 1.xv Summary of Part 1 62 Answers to Part 1 self-assessment exercises 63 Part 2: Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Normal physiology Section 2.i Fluid translocation: plasma to ISF and ISF to ICF 83 Section 2.ii Renal function: a brief overview 88 Section 2.iii Renal regulation of blood composition 93 Section 2.iv Self-assessment exercise 2.1 100 Section 2.v Minerals: key roles in physiology and metabolism 102 Section 2.vi Sodium and potassium 106 Section 2.vii Sodium and water homeostasis: renal regulation of blood pressure and blood volume 109 Section 2.viii Calcium and magnesium 115 Section 2.ix Iron 123 Section 2.x Selected trace elements: Mn, Co, Se and S 128 Section 2.xi Anions: bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and proteins 130 Section 2.xii Self-assessment exercise 2.2 132 Section 2.xiii Laboratory measurements 1: Osmometry 134 Section 2.xiv Laboratory measurements 2: Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) 138 Section 2.xv Laboratory measurements 3: Calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, phosphate and iron 147 Section 2.xvi Laboratory measurements 4: Miscellaneous methods for clinically useful analytes 150 Section 2.xvii Self-assessment exercise 2.3 154 Disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance Section 2.xviii Introduction 157 Section 2.xix Principles of data interpretation 160 Section 2.xx Sodium, protein and water 167 Section 2.xxi Hypernatraemia 173 Section 2.xxii Hyponatraemia 179 Section 2.xxiii Disturbances of potassium homeostasis 184 Section 2.xxiv Hyperkalaemia 186 Section 2.xxv Hypokalaemia 189 Section 2.xxvi Disturbances of calcium or magnesium balance 193 Section 2.xxvii Disorders of iron homeostasis 200 Section 2.xxviii Self-assessment exercise 2.4 202 Section 2.xxix Summary of Part 2 207 Answers to Part 2 self-assessment exercises 209 Part 3: Acid-base homeostasis. Normal physiological processes Section 3.i Acidity, pH and buffers: recap of some basic chemistry 221 Section 3.ii Some worked example calculations 224 Section 3.iii Self-assessment exercise 3.1 227 Section 3.iv Homeostasis and the 'daily acid challenge' 228 Section 3.v Physiological buffering 232 Section 3.vi The role of the kidney in acid-base homeostasis 237 Section 3.vii Respiration: gas pressures and breathing 244 Section 3.viii The role of red cells: gas carriage by haemoglobin 248 Section 3.ix Self-assessment exercise 3.2 253 Section 3.x The liver and gastrointestinal tract in acid-base homeostasis 254 Section 3.xi The traditional versus the 'modern' view of acid-base homeostasis 257 Section 3.xii Stewart s three independent factors 262 Section 3.xiii Laboratory measurement of pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate 268 Acid-base disturbances Section 3.xiv Classification of primary changes based on pH and aetiology 273 Section 3.xv Overview of mechanisms 276 Section 3.xvi Physiological correction of primary disturbances 279 Section 3.xvii Check the data 283 Section 3.xviii Self-assessment exercise 3.3 284 Section 3.xix Non-respiratory (metabolic) acidosis 287 Section 3.xx Metabolic acidosis: detailed case studies 293 Section 3.xxi Non-respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: overview 297 Section 3.xxii Non-respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: causes 299 Section 3.xxiii Self-assessment exercise 3.4 302 Section 3.xxiv Respiratory disorders: overview 303 Section 3.xxv Physiological consequences of respiratory disorders 305 Section 3.xxvi Respiratory disorders: case studies 307 Section 3.xxvii Summary of Part 3 312 Answers to Part 3 self-assessment exercises 314 Appendix 325 Index 329