Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment

A Introduction.- 1 Environmental Pollution.- 2 Sources, Pathways and Reservoirs.- 3 Aquatic Ecosystems.- B Toxic Metals.- 1 Metals.- 2 Trace Metals and Organic Life.- 3 Water Quality Criteria: Standards.- 4 The Sources of Metal Pollution.- 5 Metal Analysis.- C Metal Concentrations in River, Lake, and Ocean Waters.- 1 Distribution of Major Ions.- 2 Chemical Conditions for Trace Metals in Natural Waters.- 3 Trace Metals in Seawater.- 4 Trace Metals in Inland Waters.- D Metal Pollution Assessment from Sediment Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Metal Investigations on Aquatic Sediments.- 3 Geochemical Reconnaissance of Aquatic Sediments.- 4 Grain-Size Effects.- 5 Factors Controlling the Distribution of Metals in Aquatic Sediments.- 6 Natural Metal Content-Civilizational Accumulation.- 7 Lake Sediments as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution.- 8 Metal Pollution in River Sediments.- 9 Assessing Metal Pollution in the Sea by Sediment Study.- E Metal Transfer Between Solid and Aqueous Phases.- 1 Residence Times of Metals in Aquatic Systems.- 2 Types of Metal Association in Sediments.- 3 Metal Accumulation in Aquatic Sediments-Interactions and Effects of Various Processes and Sinks.- 4 Determination of Chemical Phases in Natural and Polluted Sediments.- 5 Mobilization of Heavy Metals from Sediments.- F Heavy Metals in Aquatic Organisms.- 1 Physico-Chemical Influences on the Toxicity and the Uptake of Heavy Metals with Respect to Organisms.- 2 Biologic Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Organisms.- 3 Heavy Metal Enrichment in Limnic and Marine Organisms at Different Trophic Levels.- G Trace Metals in Water Purification Processes.- 1 Heavy Metal Removal for the Production of Drinking Water.- 2 Heavy Metals in Industrial and Domestic Effluents.- 3 Heavy Metalsin Sewage Sludges.- H Concluding Remarks.- 1 Disposal Versus Reuse.- 2 Alternative Materials.- References.