Java Tutorial, The

Sharon Biocca Zakhour is a principal technical writer at Oracle Corporation, and was formerly at Sun Microsystems. She has contributed to Java SE platform documentation for more than twelve years, including The Java (TM) Tutorial, Fourth Edition, (Addison-Wesley, 2007), and The JFC Swing Tutorial, Second Edition (Addison-Wesley, 2004). She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a B.A. in computer science, and has worked as a programmer, developer support engineer, and technical writer for thirty years. Sowmya Kannan was previously a principal technical writer at Oracle Corporation and Sun Microsystems. She is currently the manager of the Java SE documentation team, and has more than fifteen years of experience as a technical writer and developer of middleware and web applications. Raymond Gallardo is a technical writer for Oracle Corporation. Previous engagements include college instructor, technical writer for IBM, and bicycle courier. He earned his B.Sc. in computer science and English from the University of Toronto and his M.A. in creative writing from The City College of New York.

Preface xxi About the Authors xxv





Chapter 1: Getting Started 1

The Java Technology Phenomenon 1

The "Hello World!" Application 5

A Closer Look at the "Hello World!" Application 22

Common Problems (and Their Solutions) 25

Compiler Problems 25

Runtime Problems 27

Questions and Exercises: Getting Started 29



Chapter 2: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts 31

What Is an Object? 32

What Is a Class? 34

What Is Inheritance? 36

What Is an Interface? 37

What Is a Package? 38

Questions and Exercises: Object- Oriented Programming Concepts 38



Chapter 3: Language Basics 41

Variables 42

Operators 55

Expressions, Statements, and Blocks 65

Control Flow Statements 68



Chapter 4: Classes and Objects 85

Classes 86

Objects 98

More on Classes 106

Nested Classes 120

Enum Types 126

Annotations 129



Chapter 5: Interfaces and Inheritance 135

Interfaces 135

Inheritance 143



Chapter 6: Generics 163

Why Use Generics? 164

Generic Types 164

Generic Methods 170

Bounded Type Parameters 171

Generics, Inheritance, and Subtypes 173

Type Inference 176

Wildcards 179

Type Erasure 188

Restrictions on Generics 196

Questions and Exercises: Generics 200



Chapter 7: Packages 203

Creating a Package 205

Naming a Package 206

Using Package Members 207

Managing Source and Class Files 211

Questions and Exercises: Creating and Using Packages 214



Chapter 8: Numbers and Strings 217

Numbers 217

Characters 234

Strings 236

Questions and Exercises: Characters and Strings 254



Chapter 9: Exceptions 257

What Is an Exception? 258

The Catch or Specify Requirement 258

Catching and Handling Exceptions 261

Specifying the Exceptions Thrown by a Method 272

How to Throw Exceptions 273

Unchecked Exceptions: The Controversy 279

Advantages of Exceptions 280

Summary of Exceptions 285

Questions and Exercises: Exceptions 285



Chapter 10: Basic I/O and NIO.2 289

I/O Streams 289

File I/O (Featuring NIO.2) 309

Summary of Basic I/O and NIO.2 366

Questions and Exercises: Basic I/O and NIO.2 368



Chapter 11: Collections 371

Introduction to Collections 372

Interfaces 374

Implementations 418

Algorithms 432

Custom Collection Implementations 437

Interoperability 440



Chapter 12: Concurrency 445

Processes and Threads 446

Thread Objects 447

Synchronization 453

Liveness 459

Guarded Blocks 461

Immutable Objects 465

High-Level Concurrency Objects 469

Questions and Exercises: Concurrency 480



Chapter 13: Regular Expressions 483

Introduction 484

Test Harness 485

String Literals 486

Character Classes 488

Predefined Character Classes 492

Quantifiers 495

Capturing Groups 500

Boundary Matchers 502

Methods of the Pattern Class 504

Methods of the Matcher Class 509

Methods of the PatternSyntaxException Class 515

Unicode Support 517

Additional Resources 518

Questions and Exercises: Regular Expressions 519



Chapter 14: The Platform Environment 521

Configuration Utilities 521

System Utilities 529

PATH and CLASSPATH 535

Questions and Exercises: The Platform Environment 540



Chapter 15: Packaging Programs in JAR Files 541

Using JAR Files: The Basics 542

Working with Manifest Files: The Basics 553

Signing and Verifying JAR Files 560

Using JAR-Related APIs 567

Questions: Packaging Programs in JAR Files 573



Chapter 16: Java Web Start 575

Developing a Java Web Start Application 576

Deploying a Java Web Start Application 579

Displaying a Customized Loading Progress Indicator 581

Running a Java Web Start Application 585

Java Web Start and Security 586

Common Java Web Start Problems 587

Questions and Exercises: Java Web Start 588



Chapter 17: Applets 591

Getting Started with Applets 591

Doing More with Applets 603

Displaying a Customized Loading Progress Indicator 618

Solving Common Applet Problems 632

Questions and Exercises: Applets 633



Chapter 18: Doing More with Java Rich Internet Applications 635

Setting Trusted Arguments and Secure Properties 635

JNLP API 638

Cookies 643

Customizing the Loading Experience 646

Security in RIAs 646

Questions and Exercises: Doing More with Java Rich Internet Applications 647



Chapter 19: Deployment in Depth 649

Deployment Toolkit 649

Java Network Launch Protocol 659

Deployment Best Practices 667

Questions and Exercises: Deployment In Depth 673



Appendix: Preparing for Java Programming Language Certification 675

Programmer Level I Exam 675

Programmer Level II Exam 680

Java SE 7 Upgrade Exam 688





Index 693