Radio Navigation Systems for Airports and Airways (eBook)

Dr. Skrypnik is Professor and Chair of the Department of Aviation Radio Equipment at the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation. He is an Honored Worker of high professional education of Russian Federation (2004), and a Full Member of the Russian Academy of natural sciences. He is an author of more than 100 scientific publications, 12 professional textbooks and aids on aviation radio equipment. ​

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Abbreviations 12
1 Elements of the General Radio Navigation Theory 17
1.1 Air Navigation and Its Technical Aids Overview 18
1.2 Main Building Principles and Classification of Radio Navigation Aids 25
1.3 Main Navigation Notions and Terms 30
1.4 Coordinate Systems Used in Air Navigation 34
1.5 Lines and Surfaces of Position 44
1.6 Methods of Aircraft’s Position Determination 47
1.7 Coverage Areas of Essential Radio Navigation Systems Types 52
1.7.1 Methodology of Coverage Area Construction 52
1.7.2 Coverage Area of Theta-Theta Navigation System 53
1.7.3 Coverage Area of Rho-Rho Radio Navigation System 57
1.7.4 Coverage Area of Rho-Theta Navigation System 60
1.7.5 Coverage Area of Hyperbolic Fixing (Range Difference) Navigation System 62
1.8 Aeronautical Consumers’ Requirements to the Navigation Accuracy 65
1.9 Summary 66
1.10 Further Reading 67
References 67
2 Direction-Measuring Short-Range Navigation Systems 69
2.1 General Characteristics of Short-Range Navigation Systems 70
2.2 Non-directional Beacons 70
2.2.1 Application and Missions 70
2.2.2 NDB Placement 75
2.2.3 A Generalized Block Diagram and Operation Principle of an NDB 78
2.2.4 NDB Design and Basic Specifications 81
2.3 Aviation VHF Direction Finders 85
2.3.1 Please check the clarity of the phrase ‘on-Aerodrome Location…’.Function and General Characteristics 85
2.3.2 Principles of Forming and Processing Information in DFs 90
2.3.3 Design and Main Specifications of DFs 99
2.4 Summary 103
2.5 Further Reading 104
References 104
3 Rho-Theta Short-Range Radio-technical Navigation Systems 105
3.1 Common Characteristics of Rho-Theta Short-Range Radio-technical Navigation System 106
3.2 VOR System 108
3.2.1 Main Characteristics and the Destination of System 108
3.2.2 VOR System’s Operating Principle 112
3.2.3 DVOR System’s Operating Principle 118
3.2.4 Construction and Main Technical Characteristics of VOR (DVOR) Radio Beacons 122
3.3 Distance-Measuring System 127
3.3.1 Function and General Characteristics of the System 127
3.3.2 DME Generic Block Diagram and Operation Principle 132
3.3.3 Design and Main Specifications of DME Beacons 137
3.4 Summary 140
3.5 Further Reading 140
References 141
4 Radio-technical Landing Systems 142
4.1 Classification and Categories of Landing Systems 143
4.2 General Description of Radio-technical Landing Systems 146
4.2.1 NDB-Based Landing Systems 146
4.2.2 Radar Landing Systems 148
4.2.3 Radio Beacon Landing Systems 150
4.3 Instrument Landing System 153
4.3.1 Principles of Construction and Operation 153
4.3.2 Equisignal Radio Beacons 156
4.3.3 “Zero-Referenced” (CSB/SBO) Radio Beacons 161
4.3.4 Twin-Channel Radio Beacons 164
4.4 Marker Beacons 171
4.5 Design and Main Specifications of ILS Radio Beacons 174
4.6 Summary 178
4.7 Further Reading 179
References 179
5 Landing Systems Based on Satellite Navigation Systems 181
5.1 General Information of SNS 182
5.1.1 Performance Features and Structure of Satellite Navigation Systems 182
5.1.2 Parameters of Orbit Groups and the Contents of Ephemeris Information 185
5.1.3 Signal Structure 188
5.1.4 Principles of Solving a Navigational Problem 192
5.2 Factors Influencing SNS Accuracy 193
5.3 Methods of Increasing the Accuracy of Navigational Sightings by SNS Data 198
5.3.1 Operation in a Combined Mode 198
5.3.2 Operation in a Differential Mode 200
5.3.3 Functional Augmentations Recommended by ICAO 201
5.3.4 Application of Pseudo-satellites 203
5.4 Design and General Performances of LAAS of LKKS-A-2000-Type 210
5.5 Summary 213
5.6 Further Reading 214
References 215
6 Multiposition (Multilateration) Surveillance Systems 216
6.1 General Characteristics of Multilateration Systems 217
6.2 Principle of Aircraft Positioning in the MLAT System 221
6.3 Typical Variants of the MLAT Architecture 223
6.4 Factors Influencing the MLAT Accuracy 227
6.5 Requirements to the MLAT Performances 233
6.6 Summary 238
6.7 Further Reading 238
References 239