Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments 4
Copyright 5
Dedications 6
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Biographies 20
Preface 38
Introduction 38
The Overall Objective of the Book 39
Organization of the book 40
Acknowledgments 42
Glossary 44
Acronyms 46
1 Introduction to the AAL and ELE Systems 54
1.1 Introduction 54
1.2 AAL/ELE Systems and Applications 57
1.3 A Vision for Ambient Assisted Living 60
1.4 Challenges and Research Opportunities 64
1.5 Conclusions 67
References 68
2 Implanted Wireless Body Area Networks: Energy Management, Specific Absorption Rate and Safety Aspects 70
2.1 Introduction to WBAN 70
2.1.1 Overview 70
2.1.2 Background 71
2.2 Applications of WBAN 71
2.3 Use of Ultra Wideband (UWB) in WBAN Applications 72
2.3.1 Technology 73
2.3.2 Effects of IR-UWB on Human Body 74
2.4 Design of Implanted Sensor Nodes 74
2.4.1 Components of Sensor Node 74
2.4.2 Design Challenges 76
2.5 Implant Power Constraints and Battery Considerations 76
2.5.1 Energy Harvesting 77
2.6 Energy Management 78
2.6.1 Issues 78
2.6.2 Solutions 79
2.7 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Safety Aspects 80
2.8 Energy Efficient Routing in WBAN 81
2.8.1 How BAN Routing Is Different from Conventional Routing Algorithm 82
2.8.2 Challenges in Designing Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for WBAN 82
2.9 Adaptive Thermal-Aware Energy Efficient Routing 83
2.9.1 WBAN Routing Constraints 84
2.9.2 Issues with Adaptive Thermal Aware Routing Protocols 84
2.10 Conclusion 85
References 86
3 Energy Efficient Communication in Ambient Assisted Living 90
3.1 Introduction/Motivation 90
3.2 Background and Related Work 93
3.2.1 Energy Efficient Architectures 93
3.2.2 Energy Efficient Protocols 97
3.3 Problem Description 99
3.4 Experimental Results 103
3.4.1 Simulation Setup 103
3.4.2 Simulation Results and Discussion 104
3.5 Summary 110
Acknowledgement 111
References 111
4 The Human Factor in the Design of Successful Ambient Assisted Living Technologies 114
4.1 Introduction 114
4.2 The Human Centric Approach 115
4.2.1 The User Driven Design 116
4.3 Information and Communication Technologies in AAL 125
4.4 Technology and Users in AAL: Practical Experiences 132
4.5 Lessons Learned 137
4.6 Conclusion 138
Acknowledgement 138
References 138
5 Matching Requirements for Ambient Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments with Networking Technologies 144
5.1 Introduction 144
5.2 Classification of AAL/ELE Domains and Applications 145
5.2.1 Involved Domains and Key Attributes 149
5.2.2 Closed Loop Healthcare as Typical AAL/ELE Application 152
5.3 Communication Services to Support AAL/ELE Infrastructure 154
5.4 Requirements of AAL/ELE Applications 156
Requirement 1 (SLA): AAL/ELE Need Dedicated Service Level Agreements (SLA) Between Actors and Network Service Provider 157
Requirement 2 (Costs): Low Upfront Infrastructure Investments for the User's Premises Equipment 158
Requirement 3 (Usability): Intuitive User Interfaces, Enhanced Usability Due to Self-* Capabilities and Easy Operation/Configuration of the Service 159
Requirement 4 (Security): Privacy and Data Security to Implement Different Security Levels for AAL/ELE Services 159
Requirement 5 (Sensor Interoperability): Sensors - Interoperability for Data Collection 159
Requirement 6 (Data Characteristics): Sensors - Data Transmission Characteristics 160
Requirement 7 (Application Interoperability): Interoperability at Application Level Between Sensor Devices and Back End Systems 160
5.5 Networking Technologies and Their Impact on the AAL/ELE Requirements 161
Drawbacks of Current Networking Infrastructures 161
Dynamic Software Frameworks (DSFs) to Support AAL/ELE 163
Network Virtualization 165
Software-Defined Networking 166
Application-Aware Networking 168
Cloudification/Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 169
5.6 Key Derivations 170
5.7 Conclusion 171
Acknowledgements 171
References 171
6 Recent Advances in Remote Assisted Medical Operations 176
6.1 Introduction 176
6.2 The Development and Historical Background of Current Systems 177
6.3 Telepresence and Telesurgery 179
6.4 Telesurgery in Extreme Environments 183
6.4.1 Remote Surgery in Space and Beyond 184
6.4.2 Bringing the Operating Table to the Battlefield 187
6.5 The Ethical and Legal Considerations of Telepresence 190
6.6 Is Robotic Surgery Viable? - Advantages, Disadvantages and Future Directions 192
6.7 Robotic Surgery as a Training Tool 194
6.8 Conclusion 196
Acknowledgements 196
References 197
7 Cloud Based Smart Living System Prototype 200
7.1 Introduction 200
7.2 State of the Art 203
7.2.1 Assistive Technology Architectures 203
7.2.2 Assistive E-medical Services 204
7.2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks Related Systems 205
7.2.4 Smart Home and Health Monitoring Systems 207
7.3 General Architecture of a System for Assisted Living 208
7.3.1 Data Retrieval in AAL Systems 208
7.3.2 Data Processing in AAL Systems 209
7.3.3 Logical Architecture of a System for Assisted Living 211
7.3.4 Physical Architecture of AAL System 212
7.3.5 Security Issues 213
7.3.6 Validity of Information 214
7.3.7 Cloud Implementation 214
7.3.8 Information Integration Aspects 216
7.4 Use-Case Scenarios 217
7.5 Conclusions 219
Acknowledgements 220
References 220
8 AAL and ELE Platform Architecture 224
8.1 Introduction 224
8.2 State of the Art 226
8.3 AAL/ELE Services 228
8.4 Requirements Analysis 230
8.5 Hierarchical Model Design 236
8.6 Sensor Networks. Dew, Fog and Cloud Computing 239
8.7 Traffic Patterns, QoS and QoE Requirements 242
8.8 Applied Technologies 245
8.9 Implementations, Use-Case Scenarios 249
8.10 Conclusion and Future Work 253
Acknowledgements 254
References 254
9 Developing Embedded Platforms for Ambient Assisted Living 264
9.1 Introduction 264
9.2 Ongoing Research 266
9.3 Ambient Assisted Living Challenges and Applications 268
9.4 Proposal Approach 270
9.4.1 Sensors and Data Acquisition Systems 271
9.4.2 Platforms 272
9.4.3 Connectivity 273
9.4.4 System Architecture 274
9.5 Implementation and Evaluation 276
9.5.1 Home Automation 277
9.5.2 Health System 283
9.5.3 Fixed and Mobile Nodes 284
9.6 Design Considerations 287
9.7 Conclusion 296
References 296
10 Wearable Electronics for Elderly Health Monitoring and Active Living 300
10.1 Introduction 300
10.1.1 Scientific Perspective 302
10.1.2 Future Market perspective 303
10.2 Background 304
10.3 Health Monitoring by Using Wearable Devices 306
10.3.1 Definitions 306
10.3.2 Physiological Parameters Monitoring 307
10.3.3 Solution Analysis for Elderly Healthcare Monitoring 309
10.3.4 Wearable Electronic Devices Integrated in Garment 310
10.4 Software System Architecture 313
10.5 Conclusions 318
10.6 Future Work 321
Acknowledgements 321
References 321
11 Cloud-Oriented Domain for AAL 324
11.1 IoT and Cloud Computing in AAL 324
11.2 What IoT Cloud Systems Have to Offer 326
11.2.1 Features of IoT 326
11.2.2 Features of Cloud Computing 326
11.2.3 Remote Monitoring (Telemonitoring) 328
11.3 Wearable Technology in AAL 332
11.3.1 Wireless Body Area Network 332
11.3.2 IoT Cloud Systems in WBANs 333
11.3.3 Influence of Wearable Technology 334
11.4 Challenges and Issues of IoT Cloud Systems in AAL 334
11.4.1 Security and Privacy 335
11.4.2 Large Datasets and Device Interoperability 336
References 336
12 Adaptive Workspace Interface for Facilitating the Knowledge Transfer from Retired Elders to Start-up Companies 340
12.1 Introduction 340
12.2 Related Work 343
12.3 Adaptive Workspace Architecture 345
12.4 Workspace Adaptation Features 346
12.5 Sensor Data Collection and Limitations Profile 348
12.6 Adaptation Decision Making 352
12.7 Usage Scenario and Results 354
12.8 Conclusions 358
Acknowledgements 360
References 360
13 Telemonitoring as a Core Component to Enforce Remote Biofeedback Control Systems 364
13.1 Introduction 364
13.2 Background 367
13.2.1 Dynamic Systems Control 367
13.2.2 Conceptual Maps 370
13.3 Telemonitoring State-of-the-Art 370
13.3.1 Telemonitoring Applications 371
13.3.2 Limitations and Opportunities 382
13.4 Remote Biofeedback Control Systems: Ontological Design 387
13.4.1 Concepts and Relationships 387
13.4.2 Conceptual Mapping 388
13.5 Discussion 390
13.5.1 Technological Constraints 390
13.5.2 Ethical & Social Aspects
13.6 Conclusions and Future Work 391
Acknowledgements 392
References 392
14 The Role of Smart Homes in Intelligent Homecare and Healthcare Environments 398
14.1 Introduction 398
14.2 The Smart Home Concept 399
14.3 Telehealth Scenario in Smart Home 401
14.3.1 Telecare 402
14.3.2 Telemedicine 404
14.3.3 Monitoring in Telehealth Scenarios 405
14.4 Telehealth in Smart Home: Main Components 405
14.5 Middleware Tools 408
14.6 Home Automation Technologies and Sensors 409
14.6.1 System Elements 410
14.6.2 Transmission Media 412
14.6.3 Network Topology 414
14.6.4 Open, Proprietary or Heterogeneous System 415
14.6.5 Popular Home Automation Technologies 415
14.6.6 Sensors 415
14.7 Acquisition Context 419
14.8 Knowledge Base 420
14.8.1 Context Definition 421
14.8.2 Context Modeling and Reasoning 423
14.9 Reasoning 428
14.10 Learning 429
14.11 Big Data, Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things 431
14.12 Challenges 434
14.13 Conclusion 440
Acknowledgements 441
References 441
15 Visual Information-Based Activity Recognition and Fall Detection for Assisted Living and eHealthCare 448
15.1 Introduction 448
15.2 Existing Methods on Visual Activity Recognition for Assisted Living 450
15.3 Visual Activity Recognition Using Manifold-Based Approaches 452
15.3.1 Riemannian Geometry 452
15.3.2 Activity Recognition Methods by Exploiting Riemannian Manifolds 455
15.4 Experimental Results 463
15.4.1 Publicly Available Datasets for Visual Activity Recognition 463
15.4.2 Results and Comparisons 468
15.5 Discussion 472
15.6 Conclusion 473
References 473
16 End-Users Testing of Enhanced Living Environment Platform and Services 480
16.1 Introduction 480
16.2 State of the Art and Living Labs Experience 481
16.3 AALaaS and ELEaaS Platform 482
16.4 Stakeholders as Testers 484
16.5 Platform and Application Testing 486
16.6 Conclusion and Future Work 489
Acknowledgement 490
References 490
17 M2M Communications and Their Role in AAL 494
17.1 Introduction 494
17.2 M2M Communications and Architectures 495
17.2.1 M2M Architectures 497
17.2.2 Characteristics of M2M Applications 508
17.3 M2M as an Enabling Technology for AAL - State of the Art 510
17.3.1 The Role of M2M as an Enabling Technology for eHealthcare Applications 510
17.3.2 The Concept of Ambient Assisted Living 514
17.3.3 M2M Based Applications for AAL - State of the Art 516
17.4 Conclusion 534
References 537
Index 542
Back Cover 554