Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Joseph F. Hair, Jr.is Professor of Marketing, PhD Director, and the Cleverdon Chair of Business in the Mitchell College of Business, University of South Alabama, USA. He previously held the Copeland Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship and was Director, Entrepreneurship Institute, Ourso College of Business Administration, Louisiana State University. He has authored over 95 books, including Multivariate Data Analysis (8th edition, 2019) (cited 170,000+ times), MKTG (13th edition, 2019), Essentials of Business Research Methods, 5th edition, 2023), and Essentials of Marketing Research (6th edition, 2023). Dr. Hair is the most highly cited scholar in PLS-SEM and marketing, with 340,000+ citations (Google Scholar, 2023). He also has published numerous articles in scholarly journals and was recognized as the Academy of Marketing Science Marketing Educator of the year. A popular guest speaker, Professor Hair often presents seminars on research techniques, multivariate data analysis, and marketing issues for organizations in Europe, Australia, China, India, and South America. Marko Sarstedt is Professor of Marketing at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (Germany) and an adjunct research professor at Babe?-Bolyai-University Cluj-Napoca (Romania). His main research interest is the advancement of research methods to further the understanding of consumer behavior. His research has been published in Nature Human Behaviour, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Organizational Research Methods, MIS Quarterly, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, and Psychometrika, among others. His research ranks among the most frequently cited in the social sciences with more than 100,000 citations according to Google Scholar. Marko has won numerous best paper and citation awards, including five Emerald Citations of Excellence awards and two AMS William R. Darden Awards. Marko has been repeatedly named member of Clarivate Analytics’ Highly Cited Researchers List. In March 2022, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Babe?-Bolyai-University Cluj-Napoca for his research achievements and contributions to international exchange. Christian M. Ringle is Professor of Management at the Hamburg University of Technology (Germany). His research addresses management of organizations, human resource management, methods development for business analytics and their application to business research. His contributions in these fields have been published in journals such as International Journal of Research in Marketing, Information Systems Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, MIS Quarterly, Organizational Research Methods, and The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Since 2018, he has been named member of Clarivate Analytics’ Highly Cited Researchers List. In 2014, Ringle co-founded SmartPLS (http://www.smartpls.com), a software tool with a graphical user interface for the application of the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. Besides supporting consultancies and international corporations, he regularly teaches doctoral seminars on business analytics and multivariate statistics, the PLS-SEM method, and the use of SmartPLS worldwide. More information about Professor Dr. Christian M. Ringle can be found at https://www.tuhh.de/hrmo/team/prof-dr-c-m-ringle.html. Siegfried P. Gudergan is Professor of Strategy within James Cook University in Australia. He also is a Visiting Distinguished Professor at Aalto University in Finland, Visiting Professor at Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU Wien) in Austria, and Emeritus Professor at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. He holds a PhD in Management from the Australian Graduate School of Management that was awarded by both the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales in Australia, and a degree in Business and Economics from RWTH-Aachen University in Germany. His research has been published in leading management, strategy, and marketing journals, and is recognized internationally. Some of his PhD students have won awards from the Academy of Management and Strategic Management Society. He has various board and professional roles, and has consulted to or worked with numerous organizations, including start-ups and large multinational companies.

Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1: An Overview of Recent and Emerging Developments in PLS-SEM
Chapter Preview
Origins and Evolution of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling
Measurement
Model Estimation
PLS-SEM or CB-SEM?
Organization of the Remaining Chapters
Case Study Illustration
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2: Advanced Modeling
Chapter Preview
Hierarchical Component Models
Nonlinear Relationships
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3: Advanced Model Assessment
Chapter Preview
Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis
Importance-Performance Map Analysis
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4: Modeling Observed Heterogeneity
Chapter Preview
Observed and Unobserved Heterogeneity
Testing Measurement Model Invariance
Nonparametric Tests
Case Study Illustration—Invariance Assessment and Multigroup Analysis
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Modeling Unobserved Heterogeneity
Chapter Preview
Case Study Illustration—Latent Class Analysis
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index