More Math Into LaTeX (eBook)

George Grätzer is Emeritus Doctor of Science at the University of Manitoba. He has authored three other books on LaTex: First Steps in LaTeX and Math into LateX, and Practical LaTeX. Math into LaTeX was chosen by the Mathematics Editor of Amazon.com as one of the ten best books of 2000. Grätzer has also written many articles and a few books on the subject of lattices and universal algebra. In addition, Grätzer is the founder of the international mathematical journal, Algebra Universalis.

Short Contents 8
Contents 10
Foreword 20
Preface to the fifth edition 24
Introduction 26
Is this book for you? 26
What's in the book? 28
Conventions 30
I Mission Impossible 32
1 Short course 33
1.1 Getting started 35
1.1.1 Your LaTeX 35
1.1.2 Sample files 35
1.1.3 Editing cycle 35
1.1.4 Typing the source file 36
1.2 The keyboard 37
1.3 Your first text notes 38
1.4 Lines too wide 41
1.5 A note with formulas 42
1.6 The building blocks of a formula 44
1.7 Displayed formulas 48
1.7.1 Equations 48
1.7.2 Symbolic referencing 49
Absolute referencing 50
1.7.3 Aligned formulas 50
Simple alignment 50
Annotated alignment 52
1.7.4 Cases 52
1.8 The anatomy of a document 53
1.9 Your own commands 55
1.10 Adding an illustration 55
1.11 The anatomy of a presentation 56
2 And a few more things… 60
2.1 Structure 60
2.2 Auxiliary files 61
2.3 Logical and visual design 64
2.4 General error messages 64
Experiment 1. 65
Experiment 2. 65
Experiment 3. 65
Experiment 4. 66
Experiment 5. 66
Experiment 6. 66
2.5 Errors in math 67
Experiment 1 67
Experiment 2 67
Experiment 3 67
2.6 Your errors: Davey's Dos and Don'ts 68
Commands 68
Text 69
Formulas 70
II Text and Math 71
3 Typing text 72
3.1 The keyboard 73
3.1.1 Basic keys 73
3.1.2 Special keys 74
3.1.3 Prohibited keys 74
3.2 Words, sentences, and paragraphs 75
3.2.1 Spacing rules 75
3.2.2 Periods 76
3.3 Commanding LaTeX 78
3.3.1 Commands and environments 78
3.3.2 Scope 82
Example 1 83
Example 2 83
3.3.3 Types of commands 84
Fragile commands 84
3.4 Symbols not on the keyboard 85
3.4.1 Quotation marks 85
3.4.2 Dashes 85
3.4.3 Ties or nonbreakable spaces 86
3.4.4 Special characters 87
3.4.5 Ellipses 89
3.4.6 Ligatures 89
3.4.7 Accents and symbols in text 89
3.4.8 Logos and dates 89
3.4.9 Hyphenation 92
3.5 Comments and footnotes 94
3.5.1 Comments 95
3.5.2 Footnotes 97
3.6 Changing font characteristics 98
3.6.1 Basic font characteristics 98
3.6.2 Document font families 99
3.6.3 Shape commands 100
3.6.4 Italic corrections 101
3.6.5 Series 103
3.6.6 Size changes 103
3.6.7 Orthogonality 104
3.6.8 Obsolete two-letter commands 104
3.6.9 Low-level commands 105
3.7 Lines, paragraphs, and pages 105
3.7.1 Lines 105
Breaking lines 106
Double spacing 108
3.7.2 Paragraphs 109
3.7.3 Pages 110
3.7.4 Multicolumn printing 111
3.8 Spaces 111
3.8.1 Horizontal spaces 111
Horizontal space variant 112
3.8.2 Vertical spaces 113
Vertical space variants 114
3.8.3 Relative spaces 114
3.8.4 Expanding spaces 115
Horizontal spaces 115
Vertical spaces 115
3.9 Boxes 116
3.9.1 Line boxes 116
Line boxes—a refinement 116
3.9.2 Frame boxes 118
3.9.3 Paragraph boxes 119
Paragraph box refinements 120
Paragraph box as an environment 120
3.9.4 Marginal comments 121
3.9.5 Solid boxes 122
Struts 122
3.9.6 Fine tuning boxes 123
4 Text environments 124
4.1 Some general rules for displayed text environments 125
4.2 List environments 125
4.2.1 Numbered lists 125
4.2.2 Bulleted lists 126
4.2.3 Captioned lists 127
4.2.4 A rule and combinations 127
4.3 Style and size environments 130
4.4 Proclamations (theorem-like structures) 131
Consecutive numbering 134
Numbering within a section 134
4.4.1 The full syntax 135
4.4.2 Proclamations with style 136
Three examples 136
Example 1 136
Example 2 137
Example 3 137
Number swapping 138
Custom theorem styles 138
4.5 Proof environments 138
4.6 Tabular environments 140
More column-formatting commands 142
Refinements 144
4.6.1 Table styles 147
4.7 Tabbing environments 148
4.8 Miscellaneous displayed text environments 150
Quotes 150
Quotations 151
Verses 151
Verbatim typesetting 152
Verbatim typesetting inline 154
5 Typing math 157
5.1 Math environments 158
5.2 Spacing rules 160
5.3 Equations 161
5.4 Basic constructs 163
5.4.1 Arithmetic operations 163
Subscripts and superscripts 164
5.4.2 Binomial coefficients 165
5.4.3 Ellipses 165
5.4.4 Integrals 167
5.4.5 Roots 167
Root refinement 168
5.4.6 Text in math 168
5.4.7 Hebrew and Greek letters 170
5.5 Delimiters 171
5.5.1 Stretching delimiters 172
5.5.2 Delimiters that do not stretch 173
5.5.3 Limitations of stretching 173
5.5.4 Delimiters as binary relations 174
5.6 Operators 175
5.6.1 Operator tables 175
5.6.2 Congruences 177
5.6.3 Large operators 177
5.6.4 Multiline subscripts and superscripts 179
5.7 Math accents 180
5.8 Stretchable horizontal lines 181
5.8.1 Horizontal braces 181
5.8.2 Overlines and underlines 182
5.8.3 Stretchable arrow math symbols 183
5.9 Building a formula step-by-step 183
Step 1 183
Step 2 184
Step 3 184
Step 4 184
Step 5 184
Step 6 184
Step 7 185
Step 8 185
5.10 Formula Gallery 186
Formula 1 186
Formula 2 186
Formula 3 186
Formula 4 187
Formula 5 187
Formula 6 187
Formula 7 187
Formula 8 188
Formula 9 188
Formula 10 188
Formula 11 188
Formula 12 189
Formula 13 189
Formula 14 189
Formula 15 190
Formula 16 190
Formula 17 190
Formula 18 191
Formula 19 191
Formula 20 191
6 More math 193
6.1 Spacing of symbols 194
6.1.1 Classification 194
6.1.2 Three exceptions 194
6.1.3 Spacing commands 196
6.1.4 Examples 196
Example 1 196
Example 2 197
Example 3 197
Example 4 197
Example 5 197
6.1.5 The phantom command 197
6.2 The STIX math symbols 198
6.2.1 Swinging it 198
6.2.2 The STIX project 199
6.2.3 Installation and usage 199
6.3 Building new symbols 200
6.3.1 Stacking symbols 200
6.3.2 Negating and side-setting symbols 203
6.3.3 Changing the type of a symbol 204
6.4 Math alphabets and symbols 204
6.4.1 Math alphabets 205
6.4.2 Math symbol alphabets 206
6.4.3 Bold math symbols 207
6.4.4 Size changes 208
6.4.5 Continued fractions 209
6.5 Vertical spacing 209
6.6 Tagging and grouping 211
6.7 Miscellaneous 213
6.7.1 Generalized fractions 213
Examples 214
6.7.2 Boxed formulas 215
7 Multiline math displays 216
7.1 Visual Guide 216
7.1.1 Columns 216
One column 218
Two columns 218
7.1.2 Subsidiary math environments 218
7.1.3 Adjusted columns 218
7.1.4 Aligned columns 219
7.1.5 Touring the Visual Guide 219
7.2 Gathering formulas 220
7.3 Splitting long formulas 221
7.4 Some general rules 223
7.4.1 General rules 223
7.4.2 Subformula rules 224
7.4.3 Breaking and aligning formulas 225
7.4.4 Numbering groups of formulas 226
7.5 Aligned columns 227
7.5.1 An align variant 230
7.5.2 eqnarray, the ancestor of align 230
7.5.3 The subformula rule revisited 231
7.5.4 The alignat environment 232
7.5.5 Inserting text 233
7.6 Aligned subsidiary math environments 235
7.6.1 Subsidiary variants 235
7.6.2 Split 237
7.7 Adjusted columns 239
7.7.1 Matrices 240
Matrix variants 242
Small matrix 243
7.7.2 Arrays 243
7.7.3 Cases 246
7.8 Commutative diagrams 247
7.9 Adjusting the display 249
III Document Structure 251
8 Documents 252
8.1 The structure of a document 253
8.2 The preamble 254
8.3 Top matter 256
8.3.1 Abstract 256
8.4 Main matter 257
8.4.1 Sectioning 257
Sections 257
Other sectioning commands 257
The form of sectioning commands 258
Form 1 258
Form 2 258
Form 3 258
Sectioning commands typeset 259
Appendix 260
8.4.2 Cross-referencing 260
Symbolic referencing 260
Example 1 261
Example 2 261
Example 3 262
Absolute referencing 263
Page referencing 264
8.4.3 Floating tables and illustrations 265
Tables 265
Figures 266
Float control 267
8.5 Back matter 268
8.5.1 Bibliographies in articles 268
8.5.2 Simple indexes 274
8.6 Visual design 275
9 The AMS article document class 278
9.1 Why amsart? 278
9.1.1 Submitting an article to the AMS 278
9.1.2 Submitting an article to Algebra Universalis 279
9.1.3 Submitting to other journals 279
9.1.4 Submitting to conference proceedings 280
9.2 The top matter 280
9.2.1 Article information 280
9.2.2 Author information 282
9.2.3 AMS information 286
9.2.4 Multiple authors 287
9.2.5 Examples 288
Example 1 288
Example 2 289
Example 3 289
Example 4 290
9.2.6 Abstract 291
9.3 The sample article 291
9.4 Article templates 298
Step 1 298
Step 2 299
Step 3 299
9.5 Options 302
Font size 302
Paper size 302
Equations and equation numbers 302
Limits 303
Two-sided printing 304
Two-column printing 304
Title page 304
Draft 304
Fonts 304
No math 305
9.6 The AMS packages 305
Math enhancements 305
AMSFonts 306
Loading packages 306
Multiple indices 307
10 Legacy documents 308
10.1 Articles and reports 308
10.1.1 Top matter 309
10.1.2 Options 311
Font size 311
Paper size 311
Draft 311
Landscape printing 312
Two-sided printing 312
Two-column printing 312
Title page 312
Equations and equation numbers 312
Bibliography 313
Combinations 313
10.2 Letters 313
10.3 The LaTeX distribution 315
10.3.1 Tools 317
IV PDF Documents 320
11 The PDF file format 321
11.1 PostScript and pdf 321
11.1.1 PostScript 321
11.1.2 pdf 322
11.1.3 Hyperlinks 323
11.2 Hyperlinks for LaTeX 323
11.2.1 Using hyperref 323
11.2.2 backref and colorlinks 324
11.2.3 Bookmarks 325
11.2.4 Additional commands 326
Preventing links 326
Long links 326
External links 326
12 Presentations 328
12.1 Quick and dirty beamer 329
12.1.1 First changes 329
12.1.2 Changes in the body 330
12.1.3 Making things prettier 330
12.1.4 Adjusting the navigation 331
12.2 Baby beamers 334
12.2.1 Overlays 336
12.2.2 Understanding overlays 338
Example 1 338
Example 2 339
Example 3 339
Overlay specifications 340
12.2.3 More on the '134only and '134onslide commands 340
The basic syntax 340
A different syntax 341
12.2.4 Lists as overlays 342
12.2.5 Out of sequence overlays 344
12.2.6 Blocks and overlays 345
12.2.7 Links 346
12.2.8 Columns 350
12.2.9 Coloring 351
12.3 The structure of a presentation 353
12.3.1 Longer presentations 357
12.3.2 Navigation symbols 357
12.4 Notes 357
12.5 Themes 359
12.6 Planning your presentation 361
12.7 What did I leave out? 362
13 Illustrations 364
13.1 Your first picture 365
Step 1: Draw the grid 365
Step 2: Draw the four edges 366
Step 3: Draw the circles 366
Step 4: Fill the circles 367
Step 5: Add the labels 367
Step 6: Remember, this is LaTeX 367
13.2 The building blocks of an illustration 368
13.3 Transformations 372
13.4 Path attributes 374
13.5 Coding the example 377
13.6 What did I leave out? 378
V Customization 379
14 Commands and environments 380
14.1 Custom commands 381
14.1.1 Examples and rules 381
Commands to enhance readability 381
Using new commands 383
The xspace package 385
Ensuring math 386
14.1.2 Arguments 387
14.1.3 Short arguments 390
14.1.4 Optional arguments 391
14.1.5 Redefining commands 392
14.1.6 Defining operators 393
14.1.7 Redefining names 394
14.1.8 Showing the definitions of commands 394
14.1.9 Delimited commands 396
14.2 Custom environments 398
14.2.1 Modifying existing environments 399
14.2.2 Arguments 402
14.2.3 Optional arguments with default values 402
14.2.4 Short contents 403
14.2.5 Brand-new environments 403
14.3 A custom command file 404
14.4 The sample article with custom commands 413
14.5 Numbering and measuring 419
14.5.1 Counters 419
Standard LaTeX counters 419
Setting counters 420
Defining new counters 420
Counter styles 421
Counter arithmetic 422
Two special counters 423
14.5.2 Length commands 424
Defining new length commands 424
Setting length 425
Rubber lengths 427
14.6 Custom lists 427
14.6.1 Length commands for the list environment 427
Vertical length commands 429
Horizontal length commands 429
14.6.2 The list environment 429
Using counters 431
14.6.3 Two complete examples 432
Example 1 432
Example 2 434
14.6.4 The trivlist environment 435
14.7 The dangers of customization 435
VI Long Documents 438
15 BibTeX 439
15.1 The database 441
15.1.1 Entry types 441
15.1.2 Typing fields 443
15.1.3 Articles 446
15.1.4 Books 447
15.1.5 Conference proceedings and collections 448
Cross-referencing 450
15.1.6 Theses 451
15.1.7 Technical reports 452
15.1.8 Manuscripts and other entry types 452
15.1.9 Abbreviations 453
15.2 Using BibTeX 454
15.2.1 Sample files 454
15.2.2 Setup 456
15.2.3 Four steps of BibTeXing 457
15.2.4 BibTeX files 457
15.2.5 BibTeX rules and messages 460
15.2.6 Submitting an article 463
15.3 Concluding comments 463
16 MakeIndex 465
16.1 Preparing the document 465
Command 1 466
Commands 2 and 3 466
Command 4 467
Commands 5 to 7 467
Command 8 467
Command 9 467
Command 10 467
Command 11 468
Command 12 468
16.2 Index commands 469
Simple '134index commands 469
Modifiers 470
Sorting control 471
Sorting control and subentries 472
Special characters 472
Cross-references 473
Placement of '134index commands 473
Listing the forms of the '134index command 474
16.3 Processing the index entries 474
16.4 Rules 477
16.5 Multiple indexes 478
16.6 Glossary 479
16.7 Concluding comments 479
17 Books in LaTeX 480
17.1 Book document classes 481
17.1.1 Sectioning 481
Equations in chapters 481
17.1.2 Division of the body 482
17.1.3 Document class options 483
Two-sided printing 483
Titlepage 483
Chapter start 483
17.1.4 Title pages 483
17.2 Tables of contents, lists of tables and figures 484
17.2.1 Tables of contents 484
17.2.2 Lists of tables and figures 487
17.2.3 Exercises 487
17.3 Organizing the files for a book 488
17.3.1 The folders and the master document 488
17.3.2 Inclusion and selective inclusion 489
17.3.3 Organizing your files 490
17.4 Logical design 490
17.5 Final preparations for the publisher 493
17.6 If you create the pdf file for your book 495
A Math symbol tables 498
A.1 Hebrew and Greek letters 498
A.2 Binary relations 500
A.3 Binary operations 503
A.4 Arrows 504
A.5 Miscellaneous symbols 505
A.6 Delimiters 506
A.7 Operators 507
A.7.1 Large operators 508
A.8 Math accents and fonts 509
A.9 Math spacing commands 510
B Text symbol tables 511
B.1 Some European characters 511
B.2 Text accents 512
B.3 Text font commands 512
B.3.1 Text font family commands 512
B.3.2 Text font size changes 513
B.4 Additional text symbols 514
B.5 Additional text symbols with T1 encoding 515
B.6 Text spacing commands 516
C Some background 517
C.1 A short history 517
C.1.1 TeX 517
C.1.2 LaTeX 2.09 and AMS-TeX 518
C.1.3 LaTeX 3 519
The first interim solution 520
The second interim solution 520
C.1.4 More recent developments 520
C.2 How LaTeX works 521
C.2.1 The layers 521
LaTeX 521
Document classes 522
Packages 522
Documents 522
C.2.2 Typesetting 522
C.2.3 Viewing and printing 523
C.2.4 LaTeX's files 524
Auxiliary files 524
Versions 525
C.3 Interactive LaTeX 527
C.4 Separating form and content 528
D LaTeX and the Internet 530
D.1 Obtaining files from the Internet 530
D.2 The TeX Users Group 533
D.3 Some useful sources of LaTeX information 534
E PostScript fonts 535
E.1 The Times font and MathT?me 536
E.2 Lucida Bright fonts 538
E.3 More PostScript fonts 538
F LaTeX localized 539
G LaTeX on the iPad 542
G.1 The iPad as a computer 543
G.1.1 File system 543
G.1.2 FileApp 544
G.1.3 Printing 546
G.1.4 Text editors 546
G.2 Files 547
G.3 Two LaTeX implementations for the iPad 547
G.3.1 Texpad 547
G.3.2 TeX Writer 553
G.4 Conclusion 554
H Final thoughts 556
H.1 What was left out? 556
H.1.1 LaTeX omissions 556
H.1.2 TeX omissions 557
H.2 Further reading 558
Bibliography 559
Index 563