Methods in Social Epidemiology

J. Michael Oakes, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, and is affiliated with the Minnesota Population Center, the University s Metropolitan Design Center, and its Institute for Advanced Study. His research interests include social epidemiology, research methodology, and human research subject protections. Originally trained in sociological methodology and microeconomics at the University of Massachusetts, Dr. Oakes has authored papers exploring neighborhood effects, the measurement of socioeconomic status in health research, and the role of political-economic theory in social epidemiology. His recent work concerns identification problems, especially in matched propensity score and regression models relying on observational designs. Dr. Oakes teaches graduate-level courses in secondary data analysis (with Stata), SAS programming, and group randomized trials, as well as a doctoral seminar on social epidemiology. He regularly attends National Institutes of Health study sections and consults with a number of not-for-profit community organizations. He established and currently directs the Social Epi Workgroup at the University of Minnesota. Jay S. Kaufman, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Fellow at the Carolina Population Center, and a Research Fellow at the Sheps Center for Health Services Research. Dr. Kaufman s research interests include social epidemiology, minority health, statistical methodology, and health care. He has published widely on social epidemiology, causal inference, and international health, among other topics, and is an Associate Editor for Epidemiologic Perspectives and Innovations and serves on the editorial board of the journal Epidemiology. His current research projects include research on social and community factors in the etiology of adverse birth outcomes, social position over the life course in relation to cardiovascular disease, non-parametric methods for covariate control and identification of direct effects for social factors, and racial and ethnic disparities associated with provision of medical care. Dr. Kaufman teaches courses in regression analysis and epidemiologic methods.

About the Editors xi About the Authors xiii Preface xxi PART ONE: BACKGROUND 1 1 Introduction: Advancing Methods in Social Epidemiology 3 J. Michael Oakes and Jay S. Kaufman 2 The History of Methods of Social Epidemiology to 1965 21 Christopher S. Hamlin PART TWO: MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT 45 3 Indicators of Socioeconomic Position 47 Bruna Galobardes, Mary Shaw, Debbie A. Lawlor, George Davey Smith, and John Lynch 4 Measuring and Analyzing "Race," Racism, and Racial Discrimination 86 Saffron Karlsen and James Yzet Nazroo 5 Measuring Poverty 112 David M. Betson and Jennifer L. Warlick 6 Measuring Health Inequalities 134 Sam Harper and John Lynch 7 A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Segregation and Its Association with Population Outcomes 169 Sean F. Reardon 8 Measures of Residential Community Contexts 193 Patricia O'Campo and Margaret O'Brien Caughy 9 Using Census Data to Approximate Neighborhood Effects 209 Lynne C. Messer and Jay S. Kaufman PART THREE: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 237 10 Community-Based Participatory Research: Rationale and Relevance for Social Epidemiology 239 Paula M. Lantz, Barbara A. Israel, Amy J. Schulz, and Angela Reyes 11 Network Methods in Social Epidemiology 267 Peter V. Marsden 12 Identifying Social Interactions: A Review 287 Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf 13 Multilevel Studies 316 Tony A. Blakely and S. V. Subramanian 14 Experimental Social Epidemiology Controlled Community Trials 341 Peter J. Hannan 15 Propensity Score Matching for Social Epidemiology 370 J. Michael Oakes and Pamela Jo Johnson 16 Using Causal Diagrams to Understand Common Problems in Social Epidemiology 393 M. Maria Glymour 17 Natural Experiments and Instrumental Variable Analyses in Social Epidemiology 429 M. Maria Glymour Name Index 461 Subject Index 469