CCIE Routing and Switching v5.0 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1

Narbik Kocharians, CCIE No. 12410 (Routing and Switching, Security, SP), is a Triple CCIE with more than 32 years of experience in the IT industry. He has designed, implemented, and supported numerous enterprise networks. Narbik is the president of Micronics Training Inc. (www.micronicstraining.com), where he teaches CCIE R&S and SP boot camps.   Peter Palúch, CCIE No. 23527 (Routing and Switching), is an assistant professor, Cisco Networking Academy instructor, and instructor trainer at the Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, University of Zilina, Slovakia. Peter has cooperated in various educational activities in Slovakia and abroad, focusing on networking and Linux-based network server systems. He is also active at the Cisco Support Community, holding the Cisco Designated VIP award in LAN & WAN Routing and Switching areas since the award program inception in 2011. Upon invitation by Cisco in 2012, Peter joined two Job Task Analysis groups that assisted defining the upcoming CCIE R&S and CCNP R&S certification exam topics. Peter holds an M.Sc. degree in Applied Informatics and a doctoral degree in the area of VoIP quality degradation factors. Together with his students, Peter has started the project of implementing the EIGRP routing protocol into the Quagga open-source routing software suite, and has been driving the effort since its inception in 2013.

Introduction xxiv

Part I LAN Switching

Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 3

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 3

Foundation Topics 8

Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 8

    RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 8

    Autonegotiation, Speed, and Duplex 9

        CSMA/CD 10

        Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 10

    Basic Switch Port Configuration 11

Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 14

    Types of Ethernet Addresses 16

    Ethernet Address Formats 17

    Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 18

Switching and Bridging Logic 19

SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 22

    Core Concepts of SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 23

    Restrictions and Conditions 24

    Basic SPAN Configuration 26

    Complex SPAN Configuration 26

    RSPAN Configuration 26

    ERSPAN Configuration 27

Virtual Switch System 28

    Virtual Switching System 29

    VSS Active and VSS Standby Switch 30

    Virtual Switch Link 30

    Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC) 31

    Basic VSS Configuration 31

    VSS Verification Procedures 35

IOS-XE 38

Foundation Summary 41

Memory Builders 44

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 44

    Definitions 44

    Further Reading 45

Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 47

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 47

Foundation Topics 51

Virtual LANs 51

    VLAN Configuration 51

        Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 52

        Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 55

        Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 56

        Modifying the Operational State of VLANs 57

    Private VLANs 60

VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 69

    ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 69

    ISL and 802.1Q Configuration 71

        Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 76

        Trunk Configuration Compatibility 76

    Configuring Trunking on Routers 77

    802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling 79

VLAN Trunking Protocol 83

    VTP Process and Revision Numbers 86

    VTP Configuration 89

        Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 94

    Storing VLAN Configuration 94

Configuring PPPoE 96

Foundation Summary 99

Memory Builders 101

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 101

    Definitions 101

    Further Reading 101

Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 103

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 103

Foundation Topics 107

802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol and Improvements 107

    Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root Ports and Designated Ports 109

        Electing a Root Switch 110

        Determining the Root Port 111

        Determining the Designated Port 113

    Converging to a New STP Topology 115

        Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 117

        Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 119

    Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 119

    STP Configuration and Analysis 124

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 128

    New Port Roles, States and Types, and New Link Types 128

    Changes to BPDU Format and Handling 132

    Proposal/Agreement Process in RSTP 133

    Topology Change Handling in RSTP 136

    Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 137

Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 137

    MST Principles of Operation 138

    Interoperability Between MST and Other STP Versions 141

    MST Configuration 144

Protecting and Optimizing STP 148

    PortFast Ports 148

    Root Guard, BPDU Guard, and BPDU Filter: Protecting Access Ports 149

    Protecting Against Unidirectional Link Issues 151

Configuring and Troubleshooting EtherChannels 154

    Load Balancing Across Port-Channels 154

    Port-Channel Discovery and Configuration 157

Troubleshooting Complex Layer 2 Issues 161

    Layer 2 Troubleshooting Process 162

    Layer 2 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 163

        Troubleshooting Using Cisco Discovery Protocol 163

        Troubleshooting Using Link Layer Discovery Protocol 165

        Troubleshooting Using Basic Interface Statistics 167

    Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 170

        Troubleshooting Trunking 171

        Troubleshooting VTP 172

        Troubleshooting EtherChannels 174

    Approaches to Resolving Layer 2 Issues 175

Foundation Summary 177

Memory Builders 179

    Fill in Key Tables from Memory 179

    Definitions 179

    Further Reading 179

Part II IP Networking

Chapter 4 IP Addressing 183

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 183

Foundation Topics 187

IP Operation 187

TCP Operation 187

UDP Operation 188

IP Addressing and Subnetting 188

    IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 188

        Subnetting a Classful Network Number 189

        Comments on Classless Addressing 191

    Subnetting Math 192

        Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 192

        Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses–Binary 193

        Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP Addresses 194

        Determining All Subnets of a Network–Binary 196

        Determining All Subnets of a Network–Decimal 198

    VLSM Subnet Allocation 200

    Route Summarization Concepts 201

        Finding Inclusive Summary Routes–Binary 202

        Finding Inclusive Summary Routes–Decimal 203

        Finding Exclusive Summary Routes–Binary 204

CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 205

    Classless Interdomain Routing 206

    Private Addressing 207

    Network Address Translation 207

        Static NAT 209

        Dynamic NAT Without PAT 210

        Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 211

        Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 212

IPv6 214

    IPv6 Address Format 215

    Network Prefix 215

    IPv6 Address Types 216

    Address Management and Assignment 216

        Static Configuration 217

        Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 217

        Stateful DHCPv6 217

        Stateless DHCP 218

    IPv6 Transition Technologies 218

        Dual Stack 218

        Tunneling 219

        Translation 220

Foundation Summary 221

Memory Builders 225

    Fill in Key Tables from Memory 225

    Definitions 225

    Further Reading 225

Chapter 5 IP Services 227

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 227

Foundation Topics 232

ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 232

    ARP and Proxy ARP 232

    RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 233

    DHCP 234

HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 236

Network Time Protocol 240

SNMP 241

    SNMP Protocol Messages 243

    SNMP MIBs 244

    SNMP Security 245

Syslog 245

Web Cache Communication Protocol 246

    Implementing the Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreement (IP SLA) Feature 249

    Implementing NetFlow 250

    Implementing Router IP Traffic Export 252

    Implementing Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager 253

    Implementing Remote Monitoring 254

    Implementing and Using FTP on a Router 255

    Implementing a TFTP Server on a Router 256

    Implementing Secure Copy Protocol 257

    Implementing HTTP and HTTPS Access 257

    Implementing Telnet Access 258

    Implementing SSH Access 258

Foundation Summary 259

Memory Builders 264

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 264

    Definitions 264

    Further Reading 264

Part III IP IGP Routing

Chapter 6 IP Forwarding (Routing) 267

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 267

Foundation Topics 271

IP Forwarding 271

    Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 272

    Load Sharing with CEF and Related Issues 282

Multilayer Switching 286

    MLS Logic 286

    Using Routed Ports and Port-channels with MLS 287

    MLS Configuration 291

Policy Routing 296

Routing Protocol Changes and Migration 299

    Planning the Migration Strategy 300

    Activating New IGP While Keeping the Current IGP Intact 300

    Verifying New IGP Adjacencies and Working Database Contents 301

    Deactivating Current IGP 301

    Removing New IGP’s Temporary Settings 303

    Specifics of Distance-Vector Protocols in IGP Migration 303

Foundation Summary 309

Memory Builders 310

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 310

    Definitions 310

    Further Reading 310

Chapter 7 RIPv2 and RIPng 313

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 313

Foundation Topics 316

Introduction to Dynamic Routing 316

RIPv2 Basics 318

RIPv2 Convergence and Loop Prevention 320

    Converged Steady-State Operation 327

    Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes 328

    RIPv2 Convergence When Routing Updates Cease 331

    Convergence Extras 334

RIPv2 Configuration 334

    Enabling RIPv2 and the Effects of Autosummarization 335

    RIPv2 Authentication 337

    RIPv2 Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon 338

    RIPv2 Offset Lists 338

    Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists 338

RIPng for IPv6 339

Foundation Summary 342

Memory Builders 345

    Definitions 345

    Further Reading 345

Chapter 8 EIGRP 347

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 347

Foundation Topics 356

EIGRP Basics and Evolution 356

    EIGRP Roots: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 357

    Moving from IGRP to Enhanced IGRP 358

EIGRP Metrics, Packets, and Adjacencies 360

    EIGRP Classic Metrics 360

        Bandwidth Metric Component 361

        Delay Metric Component 361

        Reliability Metric Component 362

        Load Metric Component 362

        MTU Metric Component 363

        Hop Count Metric Component 363

        Calculating the Composite Metric 363

    EIGRP Wide Metrics 364

    Tweaking Interface Metrics to Influence Path Selection 368

    EIGRP Packet Format 368

    EIGRP Packets 371

        EIGRP Packets in Action 371

        Hello Packets 372

        Acknowledgment Packets 372

        Update Packets 373

        Query Packet 374

        Reply Packets 374

        SIA-Query and SIA-Reply Packets 374

    Reliable Transport Protocol 374

    Router Adjacencies 376

Diffusing Update Algorithm 380

    Topology Table 380

    Computed, Reported, and Feasible Distances, and Feasibility Condition 384

    Local and Diffusing Computations in EIGRP 391

    DUAL FSM 397

    Stuck-In-Active State 402

EIGRP Named Mode 410

    Address Family Section 414

    Per-AF-Interface Configuration Section 415

    Per-AF-Topology Configuration Section 416

Additional and Advanced EIGRP Features 417

    Router ID 417

    Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 420

    Add-Path Support 421

    Stub Routing 423

    Route Summarization 427

    Passive Interfaces 431

    Graceful Shutdown 432

    Securing EIGRP with Authentication 432

    Default Routing Using EIGRP 435

    Split Horizon 436

    EIGRP Over the ToP 437

    EIGRP Logging and Reporting 443

    EIGRP Route Filtering 443

    EIGRP Offset Lists 444

    Clearing the IP Routing Table 444

Foundation Summary 445

Memory Builders 450

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 450

    Definitions 450

    Further Reading 450

Chapter 9 OSPF 453

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 453

Foundation Topics 460

OSPF Database Exchange 460

    OSPF Router IDs 460

    Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent 461

        OSPF Neighbor States 462

        Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process 464

        Transmitting LSA Headers to Neighbors 466

        Database Description Exchange: Master/Slave Relationship 466

        Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs 468

    Designated Routers on LANs 469

        Designated Router Optimization on LANs 470

        DR Election on LANs 471

    Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types 472

        Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks 474

        Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA 474

    SPF Calculation 479

    Steady-State Operation 480

OSPF Design and LSAs 480

    OSPF Design Terms 480

    OSPF Path Selection Process 482

    LSA Types 482

        LSA Types 1 and 2 484

        LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs 488

        LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2 492

        OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types 496

    Stubby Areas 496

    OSPF Path Choices That Do Not Use Cost 502

        Choosing the Best Type of Path 502

        Best-Path Side Effects of ABR Loop Prevention 502

OSPF Configuration 505

    OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process 507

        Alternatives to the OSPF network Command 510

    OSPF Filtering 510

        Filtering Routes Using the distribute-list Command 511

        OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering 513

        Filtering Type 3 LSAs with the area range Command 514

    Virtual Link Configuration 515

    Configuring Classic OSPF Authentication 517

    Configuring Extended Cryptographic OSPF Authentication 520

    Protecting OSPF Routers with TTL Security Check 522

    Tuning OSPF Performance 523

        Tuning the SPF Scheduling with SPF Throttling 524

        Tuning the LSA Origination with LSA Throttling 526

        Incremental SPF 527

        OSPFv2 Prefix Suppression 528

        OSPF Stub Router Configuration 529

        OSPF Graceful Restart 530

        OSPF Graceful Shutdown 532

OSPFv3 533

    Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 533

    Virtual Links, Address Summarization, and Other OSPFv3 Features 534

    OSPFv3 LSA Types 534

    OSPFv3 in NBMA Networks 536

    Configuring OSPFv3 over Frame Relay 537

    Enabling and Configuring OSPFv3 537

    OSPFv3 Authentication and Encryption 546

    OSPFv3 Address Family Support 548

    OSPFv3 Prefix Suppression 552

    OSPFv3 Graceful Shutdown 552

Foundation Summary 553

Memory Builders 560

    Fill in Key Tables from Memory 560

    Definitions 560

    Further Reading 561

Chapter 10 IS-IS 563

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 563

Foundation Topics 571

OSI Network Layer and Addressing 572

Levels of Routing in OSI Networks 576

IS-IS Metrics, Levels, and Adjacencies 577

IS-IS Packet Types 579

    Hello Packets 579

    Link State PDUs 580

    Complete and Partial Sequence Numbers PDUs 585

IS-IS Operation over Different Network Types 586

    IS-IS Operation over Point-to-Point Links 587

    IS-IS Operation over Broadcast Links 592

Areas in IS-IS 598

Authentication in IS-IS 608

IPv6 Support in IS-IS 610

Configuring IS-IS 613

Foundation Summary 625

Memory Builders 629

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 630

    Definitions 630

    Further Reading 630

Chapter 11 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, Default Routing, and Troubleshooting 633

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 633

Foundation Topics 638

Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance 638

    Configuring Route Maps with the route-map Command 638

        Route Map match Commands for Route Redistribution 640

        Route Map set Commands for Route Redistribution 641

    IP Prefix Lists 641

    Administrative Distance 644

Route Redistribution 645

    Mechanics of the redistribute Command 645

        Redistribution Using Default Settings 646

        Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags 649

    Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map 650

    Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers 654

        Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance 656

        Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags 659

        Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes 661

Route Summarization 663

    EIGRP Route Summarization 664

    OSPF Route Summarization 665

Default Routes 665

    Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static 667

    Using the default-information originate Command 669

    Using the ip default-network Command 670

    Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes 671

Performance Routing (PfR) 672

    Performance Routing Operational Phases 673

    Performance Routing Concepts 674

    Authentication 674

    Performance Routing Operational Roles 675

        Master Controller (MC) 675

        Border Router 676

    PfR Basic Configuration 677

        Configuration of the Master Controller 677

        Configuration of the Border Router 681

        Task Completion on R3 682

Troubleshooting Complex Layer 3 Issues 683

    Layer 3 Troubleshooting Process 684

    Layer 3 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 686

        IP Routing Processes 686

    Approaches to Resolving Layer 3 Issues 695

Foundation Summary 696

Memory Builders 698

    Fill In Key Tables from Memory 698

    Definitions 698

    Further Reading 698

Part IV Final Preparation

Chapter 12 Final Preparation 701

Tools for Final Preparation 701

    Pearson Cert Practice Test Engine and Questions on the CD 701

        Install the Software from the CD 701

        Activate and Download the Practice Exam 702

        Activating Other Exams 702

        Premium Edition 703

    The Cisco Learning Network 703

    Memory Tables 703

    Chapter-Ending Review Tools 704

Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 704

    Using the Exam Engine 704

Summary 705

Part V Appendixes

Appendix A Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 707

Appendix B CCIE Exam Updates 713

CD-Only

Appendix C Decimal to Binary Conversion Table

Appendix D IP Addressing Practice

Appendix E Key Tables for CCIE Study

Appendix F Solutions for Key Tables for CCIE Study

Appendix G Study Planner

Glossary

 

 

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