Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data (eBook)

The author is currently a Course Coordinator in the Computer Aided Design Centre of Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He has more than 13 years of industrial, teaching and research experience in remote sensing, GNSS, and GIS. He has authored numerous research papers and articles in various journals and magazines. He has also authored two textbooks on Remote Sensing, GNSS, and GIS. In recent years he has been engaged with rigorous research on applications of geoinformatics in urban geographic studies

Preface 8
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 12
About the Book 16
Content and Coverage 18
Acronyms 20
1 Urban Growth and Sprawl 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Urban Geography 22
1.3 Urban Development, Urban Growth, and Urbanisation 23
1.4 Urban Area 24
1.5 Urban Ecosystem 27
1.6 Urban Sprawl 28
1.6.1 Defining Urban Sprawl 29
1.7 Physical Patterns and Forms of Urban Growth and Sprawl 31
1.7.1 Urban Growth Patterns as Sprawl 33
1.8 Temporal Process of Urban Growth and Sprawl 35
2 Causes and Consequences of Urban Growthand Sprawl 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Causes of Urban Growth and Sprawl 38
2.2.1 Population Growth 39
2.2.2 Independence of Decision 41
2.2.3 Economic Growth 42
2.2.4 Industrialisation 42
2.2.5 Speculation 42
2.2.6 Expectations of Land Appreciation 42
2.2.7 Land Hunger Attitude 43
2.2.8 Legal Disputes 43
2.2.9 Physical Geography 43
2.2.10 Development and Property Tax 44
2.2.11 Living and Property Cost 44
2.2.12 Lack of Affordable Housing 44
2.2.13 Demand of More Living Space 45
2.2.14 Public Regulation 45
2.2.15 Transportation 45
2.2.16 Road Width 45
2.2.17 Single-Family Home 46
2.2.18 Nucleus Family 47
2.2.19 Credit and Capital Market 47
2.2.20 Government Developmental Policies 47
2.2.21 Lack of Proper Planning Policies 47
2.2.22 Failure to Enforce Planning Policies 47
2.2.23 Country-Living Desire 48
2.2.24 Housing Investment 48
2.2.25 Large Lot Size 48
2.3 Consequences of Urban Growth and Sprawl 48
2.3.1 Inflated Infrastructure and Public Service Costs 50
2.3.2 Energy Inefficiency 51
2.3.3 Disparity in Wealth 51
2.3.4 Impacts on Wildlife and Ecosystem 51
2.3.5 Loss of Farmland 52
2.3.6 Increase in Temperature 52
2.3.7 Poor Air Quality 54
2.3.8 Impacts on Water Quality and Quantity 55
2.3.9 Impacts on Public and Social Health 55
2.3.10 Other Impacts 57
3 Towards Sustainable Development and Smart Growth 58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Sustainable Development 58
3.3 Smart Growth 60
3.3.1 Compact Neighbourhoods 63
3.3.2 Transit-Oriented Development 63
3.3.3 Pedestrian- and Bicycle-Friendly Design 64
3.3.4 Others Elements 64
3.4 Restricting Urban Growth and Sprawl 65
4 Remote Sensing, GIS, and Urban Analysis 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Remote Sensing 70
4.3 Urban Remote Sensing 71
4.4 Consideration of Resolutions in Urban Applications 73
4.4.1 Spatial Resolution 74
4.4.2 Spectral and Radiometric Resolutions 75
4.4.3 Temporal Resolution 76
4.5 Geographic Information System 77
4.5.1 GIS in Urban Analysis 78
4.6 Urban Analysis 78
4.6.1 Analysis of Urban Growth 80
4.6.2 Analysis of Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing Data 82
5 Mapping and Monitoring Urban Growth 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Image Overlay 85
5.3 Image Subtraction 88
5.4 Image Index (Ratioing) 90
5.5 Spectral-Temporal Classification 92
5.6 Image Regression 93
5.7 Principal Components Analysis Transformation 94
5.8 Change Vector Analysis 95
5.9 Artificial Neural Network 96
5.10 Decision Tree 97
5.11 Intensity-Hue-Saturation Transformation 98
5.12 Econometric Panel 99
5.13 Image Classification and Post-classification Comparison 99
5.14 Challenges and Constraints 102
6 Measurement and Analysis of Urban Growth 104
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Transition Matrices 104
6.2.1 Transition Matrix in Urban Growth Analysis 105
6.3 Spatial Metrics 105
6.3.1 Remote Sensing, Spatial Metrics, and Urban Modelling 107
6.3.2 Spatial Metrics in Urban Growth Analysis 108
6.4 Spatial Statistics 111
6.4.1 Types of Spatial Statistics 111
6.4.1.1 Spatial Autocorrelation 111
6.4.1.2 Spatial Heterogeneity 112
6.4.1.3 Spatial Interpolation 113
6.4.1.4 Spatial Interaction 113
6.4.1.5 Modelling and Simulation 114
6.4.2 Spatial Statistics in Urban Growth Analysis 115
6.5 Quantification and Characterisation of Sprawl 116
7 Modelling and Simulation of Urban Growth 126
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Urban Model and Modelling 126
7.2.1 Classification of Urban Models 128
7.3 Theoretical Models 128
7.4 Aggregate-Level Urban Dynamics Models 128
7.5 Complexity Science-Based Models 129
7.5.1 Cell-Based Dynamics Models 130
7.5.2 Agent-Based Models 132
7.5.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Models 133
7.5.4 Fractal Geometry-Based Models 135
7.6 Rule-Based Land-Use and Transport Models 135
7.7 Modelling of Urban Growth 137
7.7.1 Modelling of Urban Growth from Remote Sensing Data 137
8 Limitations of Urban Growth Analysis 142
8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Data and Scale Dependency 142
8.2.1 Spatial Scale 143
8.2.2 Pattern Quantification Scale 144
8.2.3 Pattern Summarisation Scale 145
8.3 Data Generation Methods 145
8.4 Classification Accuracy 145
8.5 Selection of Metrics 146
8.6 Definition of the Spatial Domain 147
8.7 Spatial Characterisation 149
8.8 Spatial Dependency (Autocorrelation) 150
8.9 Spatial and Temporal Sampling 150
8.10 Modifiable Areal Unit Problem 151
References 154
Index 188