Post-harvest Pathology (eBook)

Dov Prusky is a professor of Plant Pathology at the Agricultural Research Organization in Bet Dagan, Israel. One of his main interests is understanding the basic processes underlying the interactions between fruits and pathogenic fungi. Maria Lodovica Gullino is a professor of plant pathology at the University of Torino and President of the International Society for Plant Pathology. She has long term experience in plant disease management.

Contents 6
Recent Developments in Postharvest Pathology 8
Chapter 1 11
The Role of Pre-formed Antifungal Substances in the Resistance of Fruits to Postharvest Pathogens 11
1.1 Pre-formed Antifungal Substances 12
1.2 Preformed Antifungal Compounds in Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit 12
1.2.1 Resorcinols 13
1.2.2 Gallotannins 15
1.2.3 Chitinase Activity 16
1.2.4 Pre- and Postharvest Treatments Enhance Fruit Resistance and Antifungal Activity 18
1.3 Avocado (Persea americana) Fruit 19
References 20
Chapter 2 22
Mechanisms of Induced Resistance Against B. cinerea 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Plant Resistance to B. cinerea 23
2.3 The First Line of Defense Against B. cinerea 26
2.4 Active Defense Against Botrytis cinerea Contrasts with Resistance to Biotrophic Pathogens 27
2.5 The Plant Hormones Jasmonate and Ethylene Play a Central Role in Defense Against B. cinerea 28
2.6 The Emerging Role of Absciscic Acid as a Regulator Plant Response to B. cinerea 29
2.7 Resistance to B. cinerea and Cross-Talk with Other Pathways 30
2.8 Mechanisms of B. cinerea Resistance Are Conserved Between Tomato and Arabidopsis 31
2.9 Phyotalexins in B. cinerea Resistance 33
2.10 Changes in Genome Wide Gene Expression During B. cinerea Infection 33
2.11 Conclusion and Perspective 34
References 34
Chapter 3 40
Induced Resistance in Melons by Elicitors for the Control of Postharvest Diseases 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Chemically Induced Resistance 41
3.2.1 Acibenzolar 41
3.2.2 Silicon 42
3.2.3 Other Chemicals 43
3.3 Physically Induced Resistance 44
3.4 Biologically Induced Resistance 44
3.5 Conclusions 45
References 46
Chapter 4 51
Mechanisms Modulating Postharvest Pathogen Colonization of Decaying Fruits 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 The Quiescent Stage 52
4.3 pH Modulation of the Environment by Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Is a Virulence Potentiation 53
4.3.1 Alkalizing Fungi 53
4.3.2 Acidifying Fungi 55
4.4 Effectors That Activate the Transition from Quiescent to Necrotrophic Infection 59
4.5 Summary 60
References 61
Chapter 5 64
Global Regulation of Genes in Citrus Fruit in Response to the Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum 64
References 73
Chapter 6 75
Epidemiological Assessments and Postharvest Disease Incidence 75
6.1 Definitions 76
6.2 Introduction 77
6.2.1 Brown Rot-Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa 79
6.2.1.1 Conventional Methods Used to Detect Latent and Quiescent Infections of Monilinia spp. 80
6.2.2 Botrytis Monitoring (BOTMON) - Botrytis cinerea (Table 6.2) 83
6.2.2.1 Molecular Techniques 86
6.3 Use of Species-Specific PCR to Detect M. Fructicola in Fruit and Flowers (Comparison of Conventional with PCR Technique 89
6.4 Techniques to Monitor Resistance of Fungal Pathogens to Fungicides 90
6.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 92
References 93
Chapter 7 95
Preharvest Strategies to Control Postharvest Diseases in Fruits 95
7.1 Introduction 96
7.2 Biocontrol Agents Combination 97
7.3 Biocontrol Combined with Low Risk Substances 98
7.4 Enhancing Biocontrol Agents to Environmental Stress Conditions 100
7.4.1 C. sake CPA-1 Enhancement 101
7.4.2 P. agglomerans CPA-2 Enhancement 102
References 109
Chapter 8 113
New Developments in Postharvest Fungicide Registrations for Edible Horticultural Crops and Use Strategies in the United States 113
8.1 Risk Assessment, Maximum Residue Limits, and Postharvest Fungicide Registration 114
8.2 Registration of New Postharvest Fungicides in the United States 116
8.3 Risk of Fungicide Resistance Development in the Postharvest Environment 118
8.4 Fungicide Usage Strategies for Preventing Fungicide Resistance in the Postharvest Environment 118
8.5 Sanitation and Fungicide Resistance Management 121
8.6 Epilogue 122
Chapter 9 124
New Approaches for Postharvest Disease Control in Europe 124
9.1 Introduction 125
9.2 Biological Control with Microbial Antagonists 125
9.3 Natural Bioactive Compounds 126
9.4 Physico-Chemical Methods 127
9.5.1 Blue Mould 128
9.5.2 Lenticel Rot 129
9.5.3 Brown Rot 130
9.5.4 Green and Blue Moulds 131
9.5.5 Grey Mould 133
Chapter 10 141
Quo Vadis of Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases 141
10.1 Historical Perspective 142
10.2 Biocontrol Products 143
10.3 Postharvest System 143
10.4 Challenges of Latent Infection 144
10.5 Biological Control Mechanism 145
10.6 Emerging New Areas in Postharvest Biocontrol 146
10.7 Conclusions 148
References 150
Chapter 11 153
Improving Formulation of Biocontrol Agents Manipulating Production Process 153
11.1 Introduction 154
11.2 Liquid Formulation 156
11.2.1 C. sake CPA-1 Formulation Using Isotonic Solutions 156
11.2.2 Viability of C. sake CPA-1 After Storage at 25°C and 4°C 157
11.2.3 Efficacy of Trehalose Isotonic Formulations Stored at 4°C for 7 months 159
11.3 Spray Drying 160
11.3.1 Improving Spray Drying Formulation of Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2 by Osmotic Treatments 160
11.3.2 Impact of Mild Heat Treatments on Induction of Thermotolerance in the Biocontrol Yeast Candida sake CPA-1 and Viabil 163
11.4 Fluidized Bed Drying 166
11.4.1 Screening of Thermal-Stress Treatments 166
11.4.2 Improving Fluidized Bed Drying Formulation of P. agglomerans CPA-2 by Osmotic-Stress Treatments 166
11.4.3 Improving Fluidized Bed Drying Formulation of P. agglomerans CPA-2 by Combination of Thermal and Osmotic-Stress Tr 167
11.5 Conclusions 170
References 170
Chapter 12 174
Host Responses to Biological Control Agents 174
12.1 Introduction 175
12.2 Modes of Action of Postharvest Biocontrol Agents 176
12.2.1 Induced Resistance Signalling Pathways 177
12.2.1.1 Localized and Systemic Resistance Induced in Fruits by BCAs 178
12.3 Concluding Remarks 181
References 183
Chapter 13 185
Non-fungicidal Control of Botrytis Storage Rot in New Zealand Kiwifruit Through Pre- and Postharvest Crop Management 185
13.1 Botrytis Storage Rot – Historical Perspective 186
13.1.1 Economic Impact 186
13.1.2 Etiology 186
13.1.3 Attempts at Control 187
13.2 Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea in Kiwifruit Orchards 187
13.2.1 Introduction 187
13.2.2 Methods 188
13.2.2.1 Manipulating Vine Canopy Density in Orchard Plots 188
13.2.2.2 Measuring B. cinerea on Leaves in the Orchard 189
13.2.2.3 Effect of Fruit Handling Method at Harvest on Infection by B. cinerea 189
13.2.3 Results 189
13.2.3.1 Necrotic Leaf Tissue in Relation to Vine Canopy Density 189
13.2.3.2 B. cinerea Populations on Necrotic Leaves 190
13.2.3.3 Effect of Fruit Handling Method at Harvest on Infection by B. cinerea 193
13.2.4 Discussion 194
13.3 Prediction and Management of Botrytis Storage Rot 194
13.3.1 Prediction Systems 194
13.3.2 Vine Canopy Management to Lessen Disease Risk 195
13.3.3 Management of Fruit Susceptibility to Disease 195
13.3.3.1 Effect of Harvest Date on Fruit Susceptibility 195
13.3.3.2 Curing of the Picking Wound 196
13.4 Conclusions 197
References 197
Chapter 14 199
The Peach Story 199
14.1 Introduction 199
14.2 Management of Brown Rot 200
14.3 Biological Control 201
14.4 Epidemiology of Brown Rot in Spanish Conditions 203
References 208
Index 210