Discovering Statistics Using SPSS

Andy Field is Professor of Quantitative Methods at the University of Sussex. He has published widely (100+ research papers, 29 book chapters, and 17 books in various editions) in the areas of child anxiety and psychological methods and statistics. His current research interests focus on barriers to learning mathematics and statistics. He is internationally known as a statistics educator. He has written several widely used statistics textbooks including Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (winner of the 2007 British Psychological Society book award), Discovering Statistics Using R, and An Adventure in Statistics (shortlisted for the British Psychological Society book award, 2017; British Book Design and Production Awards, primary, secondary and tertiary education category, 2016; and the Association of Learned & Professional Society Publishers Award for innovation in publishing, 2016), which teaches statistics through a fictional narrative and uses graphic novel elements. He has also written the adventr and discovr packages for the statistics software R that teach statistics and R through interactive tutorials. His uncontrollable enthusiasm for teaching statistics to psychologists has led to teaching awards from the University of Sussex (2001, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019), the British Psychological Society (2006) and a prestigious UK National Teaching fellowship (2010). He′s done the usual academic things: had grants, been on editorial boards, done lots of admin/service but he finds it tedious trying to remember this stuff. None of them matter anyway because in the unlikely event that you′ve ever heard of him it′ll be as the ′Stats book guy′. In his spare time, he plays the drums very noisily in a heavy metal band, and walks his cocker spaniel, both of which he finds therapeutic.

PREFACE
Introduction
What′s New?
Goodbye
How To Use The Book
What Background Knowledge Do I Need?
Do The Chapters Get More Difficult As I Go Through The Book?
Why Do I Keep Seeing Stupid Faces Everywhere?
What is on the CD-ROM?
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Symbols Used In This Book
Mathematical Operators
Greek Symbols
English Symbols
Home Maths Revision
WHY IS MY EVIL LECTURER FORCING ME TO LEARN STATISTICS?
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
What The Hell Am I Doing Here? I Don′t Belong Here
Initial Observation: Finding Something That Needs Explaining
Generating Theories And Testing Them
Data Collection Part 1: What To Measure
Data Collection Part 2: How To Measure
ANALYSING DATA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Stats Quiz
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
EVERYTHING YOU EVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT STATISTICS (WELL, SORT OF)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Building Statistical Models
Populations And Samples
Simple Statistical Models
Going Beyond The Data
Using Statistical Models To Test Research Questions
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Stats Quiz
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
THE SPSS ENVIRONMENT
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Versions Of SPSS
Getting Started
The Data Editor
The SPSS Viewer
The SPSS Smartviewer
The Syntax Window
Saving Files
Retrieving A File
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Task
Further Reading
EXPLORING DATA WITH GRAPHS
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
The Art Of Presenting Data
The SPSS Chart Builder
Histograms: A Good Way To Spot Obvious Problems
Boxplots (Box-Whisker Diagrams)
Graphing Means: Bar Charts And Error Bars
Line Charts
Graphing Relationships: The Scatterplot
Editing Graphs
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
EXPLORING ASSUMPTIONS
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
What Are Assumptions?
Assumptions Of Parametric Data
The Assumption Of Normality
Testing Whether A Distribution Is Normal
Testing For Homogeneity Of Variance
Correcting Problems In The Data
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
CORRELATION
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Looking At Relationships
How Do We Measure Relationships?
Data Entry For Correlation Analysis Using SPSS
Bivariate Correlation
Partial Correlation
Comparing Correlations
Calculating The Effect Size
How To Report Correlation Coefficents
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Task
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
REGRESSION
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
An Introduction To Regression
Doing Simple Regression On SPSS
Interpreting A Simple Regression
Multiple Regression: The Basics
How Accurate Is My Regression Model?
How To Do Multiple Regression Using SPSS
Interpreting Multiple Regression
What If I Violate An Assumption?
How To Report Multiple Regression
Categorical Predictors And Multiple Regression
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Task
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
LOGISTIC REGRESSION
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Background To Logistic Regression
What Are The Principles Behind Logistic Regression?
Assumptions And Things That Can Go Wrong
Binary Logistic Regression: An Example That Will Make You Feel Eel
Interpreting Logistic Regression
How To Report Logistic Regression
Testing Assumptions: Another Example
Predicting Several Categories: Multinomial Logistic Regression
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
COMPARING TWO MEANS
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Looking At Differences
The T-Test
The Dependent T-Test
The Independent T-Test
Between Groups Or Repeated Measures?
The T-Test As A General Linear Model
What If My Data Are Not Normally Distributed?
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Task
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
COMPARING SEVERAL MEANS: ANOVA (GLM 1)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
The Theory Behind ANOVA
Running One-Way ANOVA On SPSS
Output From One-Way ANOVA
Calculating The Effect Size
Reporting Results From One-Way Independent ANOVA
Violations Of Assumptions In One-Way Independent ANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE, ANCOVA (GLM 2)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
What Is ANCOVA?
Assumptions And Issues In ANCOVA
Conducting ANCOVA On SPSS
Interpreting The Output From ANCOVA
ANCOVA Run As A Multiple Regression
Testing The Assumption Of Homogeneity Of Regression Slopes
Calculating The Effect Size
Reporting Results
What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In ANCOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
FACTORIAL ANOVA (GLM 3)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Theory Of Factorial ANOVA (Between-Groups)
Factorial ANOVA Using SPSS
Output From Factorial ANOVA
Interpreting Interaction Graphs
Calculating Effect Sizes
Reporting The Results Of Two-Way ANOVA
Factorial ANOVA As Regression
What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Factorial ANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS (GLM 4)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Introduction To Repeated Measures Designs
Theory Of One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA
One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA Using SPSS
Output For One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
Effect Sizes For Repeated Measures ANOVA
Reporting One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
Repeated Measures With Several Independent Variables
Output For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA
Effect Sizes For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA
Reporting The Results From Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA
What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Repeated Measures ANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
FIXED DESIGN ANOVA (GLM 5)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
Fixed Designs
What Do Men And Women Look For In A Partner?
Fixed ANOVA On SPSS
Output For Mixed Factorial ANOVA: Main Analysis
Calculating Effect Sizes
Reporting The Results Of Mixed ANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
When To Use Non-Parametric Tests
Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test And Mann-Whitney Test
Comparing Two Related Conditions: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test
Differences Between Several Related Groups: Friedman′s ANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (MANOVA)
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
When To Use MANOVA
Introduction: Similarities And Differences To ANOVA
Theory Of MANOVA
Practical Issues When Conducting MANOVA
MANOVA On SPSS
Output From MANOVA
Reporting Results From MANOVA
Following Up MANOVA With Discriminant Analysis
Output From The Discriminant Analysis
Reporting Results From Discriminant Analysis
Some Final Remarks
What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In MANOVA
What Have I Discovered About Statistics?
Key Terms That I′ve Discovered
Smart Alex′s Tasks
Further Reading
Interesting Real Research
EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS
What Will This Chapter Tell Me?
When To Use Factor Analysis
Factors
Discovering Factors